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Lineup Size and Bias
A lineup is constructed by placing a person suspected of committing a crime (the suspect) among a collection of innocent people (fillers). An eyewitness is asked to identify the offender from this collection, with a suitable admonition that the offender may not be present. A properly conducted lineup can provide evidence that the suspect is (or is not) the offender or that the eyewitness does not have a reliable memory of the offender's identity. For this to be the case the lineup must not be biased and it must be of sufficient effective size. A lineup is biased when a witness with a poor (or absent) memory is able to guess the identity of the suspect at a rate greater than chance expectation (one per ...
- Criminal Competencies
- Adjudicative Competence of Youth
- Capacity to Waive Miranda Rights
- Capacity to Waive Rights
- Checklist for Competency for Execution Evaluations
- Competence Assessment for Standing Trial for Defendants With Mental Retardation (CAST*MR)
- Competency Assessment Instrument (CAI)
- Competency for Execution
- Competency Screening Test (CST)
- Competency to Be Sentenced
- Competency to Confess
- Competency to Stand Trial
- Competency to Waive Appeals
- Competency to Waive Counsel (Proceed Pro Se)
- Competency, Foundational and Decisional
- Competency, Restoration of
- Delusions
- Evaluation of Competence to Stand Trial–Revised (ECST–R)
- Fitness Interview Test–Revised (FIT–R)
- Georgia Court Competence Test (GCCT)
- Grisso's Instruments for Assessing Understanding and Appreciation of Miranda Rights
- Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales
- Hallucinations
- Interdisciplinary Fitness Interview (IFI)
- MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Criminal Adjudication (MacCAT–CA)
- Psychotic Disorders
- Criminal Responsibility
- Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances, Evaluation of in Capital Cases
- American Bar Association Resolution on Mental Disability and the Death Penalty
- Automatism
- Battered Woman Syndrome
- Battered Woman Syndrome, Testimony on
- Criminal Responsibility, Assessment of
- Criminal Responsibility, Defenses and Standards
- Delusions
- Diminished Capacity
- Dissociative Identity Disorder
- Extreme Emotional Disturbance
- Guilty but Mentally Ill Verdict
- Hallucinations
- Insanity Defense Reform Act (IDRA)
- Mens Rea and Actus Reus
- Mental Illness and the Death Penalty
- Mental Retardation and the Death Penalty
- M'Naghten Standard
- Psychotic Disorders
- Rogers Criminal Responsibility Assessment Scales (R–CRAS)
- Death Penalty
- Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances in Capital Trials, Effects on Jurors
- Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances, Evaluation of in Capital Cases
- American Bar Association Resolution on Mental Disability and the Death Penalty
- Capital Mitigation
- Checklist for Competency for Execution Evaluations
- Competency for Execution
- Death Penalty
- Death Qualification of Juries
- Jury Understanding of Judges' Instructions in Capital Cases
- Juveniles and the Death Penalty
- Mental Illness and the Death Penalty
- Mental Retardation and the Death Penalty
- Moral Disengagement and Execution
- Religion and the Death Penalty
- Victim Impact Statements
- Divorce and Child Custody
- Ackerman-Schoendorf Parent Evaluation of Custody Test (ASPECT)
- Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)
- Child Abuse Potential (CAP) Inventory
- Child Custody Evaluations
- Child Maltreatment
- Child Sexual Abuse
- Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS)
- Divorce and Child Custody
- Parent-Child Relationship Inventory (PCRI)
- Parenting Satisfaction Scale (PSS)
- Parenting Stress Index (PSI)
- Tender Years Doctrine
- Termination of Parental Rights
- Uniform Child Custody Evaluation System (UCCES)
- Education and Professional Development
- Eyewitness Memory
- Neil v. Biggers Criteria for Evaluating Eyewitness Identification
- Alcohol Intoxication, Impact on Eyewitness Memory
- Appearance-Change Instruction in Lineups
- Clothing Bias in Identification Procedures
- Cognitive Interview
- Computer-Assisted Lineups
- Confidence in Identifications
- Confidence in Identifications, Malleability
- Conformity in Eyewitness Reports
- Cross-Race Effect in Eyewitness Identification
- Double-Blind Lineup Administration
- Elderly Eyewitnesses
- Estimator and System Variables in Eyewitness Identification
- Expert Psychological Testimony on Eyewitness Identification
- Exposure Time and Eyewitness Memory
- Eyewitness Descriptions, Accuracy of
- Eyewitness Identification: Effect of Disguises and Appearance Changes
- Eyewitness Identification: Field Studies
- Eyewitness Identification: General Acceptance in the Scientific Community
- Eyewitness Memory
- Eyewitness Memory, Lay Beliefs About
- Facial Composites
- False Memories
- Forced Confabulation
- Hypnosis and Eyewitness Memory
- Identification Tests, Best Practices in
- Instructions to the Witness
- Juries and Eyewitnesses
- Lineup Filler Selection
- Lineup Size and Bias
- Motions to Suppress Eyewitness Identification
- Mug Shots
- Optimality Hypothesis in Eyewitness Identification
- Police as Eyewitnesses
- Popout Effect in Eyewitness Identification
- Postevent Information and Eyewitness Memory
- Presence of Counsel Safeguard and Eyewitness Identification
- Reconstructive Memory
- Repeated Recall
- Repressed and Recovered Memories
- Response Latency in Eyewitness Identification
- Retention Interval and Eyewitness Memory
- Showups
- Simultaneous and Sequential Lineup Presentations
- Source Monitoring and Eyewitness Memory
- Stress and Eyewitness Memory
- Training of Eyewitnesses
- Unconscious Transference
- Verbal Overshadowing and Eyewitness Identification
- Voice Recognition
- Weapon Focus
- WITNESS Model
- Forensic Assessment in Civil and Criminal Cases
- Ackerman-Schoendorf Parent Evaluation of Custody Test (ASPECT)
- Adjudicative Competence of Youth
- Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)
- Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances, Evaluation of in Capital Cases
- American Bar Association Resolution on Mental Disability and the Death Penalty
- Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
- Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Automatism
- Battered Woman Syndrome
- Capacity to Consent to Treatment Instrument (CCTI)
- Capacity to Waive Miranda Rights
- Capacity to Waive Rights
- Checklist for Competency for Execution Evaluations
- Child Abuse Potential (CAP) Inventory
- Child Custody Evaluations
- Child Maltreatment
- Child Sexual Abuse
- Civil Commitment
- Classification of Violence Risk (COVR)
- Competence Assessment for Standing Trial for Defendants With Mental Retardation (CAST*MR)
- Competency Assessment Instrument (CAI)
- Competency for Execution
- Competency Screening Test (CST)
- Competency to Be Sentenced
- Competency to Confess
- Competency to Stand Trial
- Competency to Waive Appeals
- Competency to Waive Counsel (Proceed Pro Se)
- Competency, Foundational and Decisional
- Competency, Restoration of
- Conduct Disorder
- Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS)
- Consent to Clinical Research
- Criminal Responsibility, Assessment of
- Criminal Responsibility, Defenses and Standards
- Danger Assessment Instrument (DA)
- Delusions
- Diminished Capacity
- Disability and Workers' Compensation Claims, Assessment of
- Disparate Treatment and Disparate Impact Evaluations
- Dissociative Identity Disorder
- Divorce and Child Custody
- Domestic Violence Screening Instrument (DVSI)
- Ethical Guidelines and Principles
- Ethnic Differences in Psychopathy
- Evaluation of Competence to Stand Trial–Revised (ECST–R)
- Extreme Emotional Disturbance
- Financial Capacity
- Financial Capacity Instrument (FCI)
- Fitness Interview Test–Revised (FIT–R)
- Fitness-for-Duty Evaluations
- Forensic Assessment
- Georgia Court Competence Test (GCCT)
- Grisso's Instruments for Assessing Understanding and Appreciation of Miranda Rights
- Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales
- Guilty but Mentally Ill Verdict
- Hallucinations
- Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (2nd edition) (PCL–R)
- Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV)
- Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV)
- HCR–20 for Violence Risk Assessment
- Hopkins Competency Assessment Test (HCAT)
- Insanity Defense Reform Act (IDRA)
- Interdisciplinary Fitness Interview (IFI)
- Jail Screening Assessment Tool (JSAT)
- Litigation Stress
- MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Criminal Adjudication (MacCAT–CA)
- MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Treatment (MacCAT–T)
- MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study
- Malingering
- Malingering Probability Scale
- Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument–Version 2 (MAYSI–2)
- Mens Rea and Actus Reus
- Mental Illness and the Death Penalty
- Mental Retardation and the Death Penalty
- Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Assessment of
- Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M–FAST)
- Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory–III (MCMI–III)
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 (MMPI–2)
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 (MMPI–2) Validity Scales
- Minnesota Sex Offender Screening Tool–Revised (MnSOST–R)
- M'Naghten Standard
- Mood Disorders
- Novaco Anger Scale
- Parens Patriae Doctrine
- Parent-Child Relationship Inventory (PCRI)
- Parenting Satisfaction Scale (PSS)
- Parenting Stress Index (PSI)
- Pedophilia
- Personal Injury and Emotional Distress
- Personality Disorders
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- Presentence Evaluations
- Psychological Autopsies
- Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles
- Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI)
- Psychopathy
- Psychopathy, Treatment of
- Psychotic Disorders
- Rapid Risk Assessment for Sexual Offense Recidivism (RRASOR)
- Return-to-Work Evaluations
- Risk Assessment Approaches
- Risk-Sophistication-Treatment Inventory (RSTI)
- Rogers Criminal Responsibility Assessment Scales (R–CRAS)
- Sex Offender Assessment
- Sex Offender Civil Commitment
- Sex Offender Needs Assessment Rating (SONAR)
- Sex Offender Recidivism
- Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG)
- Sexual Harassment
- Sexual Violence Risk–20 (SVR–20)
- Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START)
- Spousal Assault Risk Assessment (SARA)
- STABLE–2007 and ACUTE–2007 Instruments
- STATIC–99 and STATIC–2002 Instruments
- Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY)
- Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS)
- Substance Abuse and Intimate Partner Violence
- Substance Use Disorders
- Suicide Assessment and Prevention in Prisons
- Suicide Assessment Manual for Inmates (SAMI)
- Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM)
- Testamentary Capacity
- Uniform Child Custody Evaluation System (UCCES)
- Validity Indicator Profile (VIP)
- Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG)
- Violence Risk Assessment
- Waiver to Criminal Court
- Juvenile Offenders
- Adjudicative Competence of Youth
- Capacity to Waive Miranda Rights
- Juvenile Offenders
- Juvenile Offenders, Risk Factors
- Juvenile Psychopathy
- Juveniles and the Death Penalty
- Legal Socialization
- Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument–Version 2 (MAYSI–2)
- Mental Health Needs of Juvenile Offenders
- Risk-Sophistication-Treatment Inventory (RSTI)
- Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY)
- Victim-Offender Mediation With Juvenile Offenders
- Waiver to Criminal Court
- Mental Health Law
- Capacity to Consent to Treatment
- Civil Commitment
- Consent to Clinical Research
- End-of-Life Issues
- Forcible Medication
- Guardianship
- Institutionalization and Deinstitutionalization
- Mandated Community Treatment
- Mental Health Courts
- Mental Health Law
- Mental Health Needs of Juvenile Offenders
- Outpatient Commitment, Involuntary
- Patient's Rights
- Proxy Decision Making
- Psychiatric Advance Directives
- Substance Abuse Treatment
- Therapeutic Jurisprudence
- Psychological and Forensic Assessment Instruments
- Ackerman-Schoendorf Parent Evaluation of Custody Test (ASPECT)
- Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)
- Capacity to Consent to Treatment Instrument (CCTI)
- Checklist for Competency for Execution Evaluations
- Child Abuse Potential (CAP) Inventory
- Classification of Violence Risk (COVR)
- Competency Assessment Instrument (CAI)
- Competency Screening Test (CST)
- Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS)
- Danger Assessment Instrument (DA)
- Domestic Violence Screening Instrument (DVSI)
- Evaluation of Competence to Stand Trial–Revised (ECST–R)
- Financial Capacity Instrument (FCI)
- Fitness Interview Test–Revised (FIT–R)
- Georgia Court Competence Test (GCCT)
- Grisso's Instruments for Assessing Understanding and Appreciation of Miranda Rights
- Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales
- Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (2nd edition) (PCL–R)
- Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV)
- Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV)
- HCR–20 for Violence Risk Assessment
- Hopkins Competency Assessment Test (HCAT)
- Interdisciplinary Fitness Interview (IFI)
- Jail Screening Assessment Tool (JSAT)
- MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Clinical Research (MacCAT–CR)
- MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Criminal Adjudication (MacCAT–CA)
- MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Treatment (MacCat–T)
- Malingering Probability Scale
- Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument–Version 2 (MAYSI–2)
- Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M–FAST)
- Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory–III (MCMI–III)
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 (MMPI–2)
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 (MMPI–2) Validity Scales
- Minnesota Sex Offender Screening Tool–Revised (MnSOST–R)
- Novaco Anger Scale
- Parent-Child Relationship Inventory (PCRI)
- Parenting Satisfaction Scale (PSS)
- Parenting Stress Index (PSI)
- Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles
- Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI)
- Rapid Risk Assessment for Sexual Offense Recidivism (RRASOR)
- Risk-Sophistication-Treatment Inventory (RSTI)
- Rogers Criminal Responsibility Assessment Scales (R–CRAS)
- Sex Offender Needs Assessment Rating (SONAR)
- Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG)
- Sexual Violence Risk–20 (SVR–20)
- Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START)
- Spousal Assault Risk Assessment (SARA)
- STABLE–2007 and ACUTE–2007 Instruments
- STATIC–99 and STATIC–2002 Instruments
- Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY)
- Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS)
- Suicide Assessment Manual for Inmates (SAMI)
- Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM)
- Uniform Child Custody Evaluation System (UCCES)
- Validity Indicator Profile (VIP)
- Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG)
- Psychology of Criminal Behavior
- AMBER Alert System
- Battered Woman Syndrome
- Battered Woman Syndrome, Testimony on
- Bias Crimes
- Child Abuse Potential (CAP) Inventory
- Child Maltreatment
- Child Sexual Abuse
- Classification of Violence Risk (COVR)
- Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS)
- Criminal Behavior, Theories of
- Criminal Responsibility, Assessment of
- Criminal Responsibility, Defenses and Standards
- Cybercrime
- Domestic Violence Screening Instrument (DVSI)
- Elder Abuse
- Elderly Defendants
- Homicide, Psychology of
- Intimate Partner Violence
- MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study
- Media Violence and Behavior
- Obscenity
- Pedophilia
- Pornography, Effects of Exposure to
- Psychological Autopsies
- Public Opinion About Crime
- Serial Killers
- Sex Offender Civil Commitment
- Sex Offender Community Notification (Megan's Laws)
- Sex Offender Treatment
- Sex Offender Typologies
- Stalking
- Substance Abuse and Intimate Partner Violence
- Suicide by Cop
- Terrorism
- Therapeutic Communities for Treatment of Substance Abuse
- Treatment and Release of Insanity Acquittees
- Victim-Offender Mediation With Juvenile Offenders
- Psychology of Policing and Investigations
- Behavior Analysis Interview
- Competency to Confess
- Confession Evidence
- Crisis and Hostage Negotiation
- Critical Incidents
- Detection of Deception by Detection “Wizards”
- Detection of Deception in Adults
- Detection of Deception in Children
- Detection of Deception in High-Stakes Liars
- Detection of Deception: Cognitive Load
- Detection of Deception: Event-Related Potentials
- Detection of Deception: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Detection of Deception: Nonverbal Cues
- Detection of Deception: Reality Monitoring
- Detection of Deception: Use of Evidence in
- False Confessions
- Fitness-for-Duty Evaluations
- Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales
- Interrogation of Suspects
- Police as Eyewitnesses
- Police Decision Making
- Police Decision Making and Domestic Violence
- Police Interaction With Mentally Ill Individuals
- Police Occupational Socialization
- Police Psychologists
- Police Psychology
- Police Selection
- Police Stress
- Police Training and Evaluation
- Police Use of Force
- Polygraph and Polygraph Techniques
- Profiling
- Public Opinion About the Polygraph
- Reid Technique for Interrogations
- Return-to-Work Evaluations
- Statement Validity Assessment (SVA)
- Suicide by Cop
- Videotaping Confessions
- Sentencing and Incarceration
- Community Corrections
- Competency to Be Sentenced
- Conditional Release Programs
- Death Penalty
- Domestic Violence Courts
- Drug Courts
- Juvenile Boot Camps
- Parole Decisions
- Presentence Evaluations
- Prison Overcrowding
- Probation Decisions
- Public Opinion About Sentencing and Incarceration
- Sentencing Decisions
- Sentencing Diversion Programs
- Stanford Prison Experiment
- Substance Abuse Treatment
- Suicide Assessment and Prevention in Prisons
- Suicide Assessment Manual for Inmates (SAMI)
- Supermax Prisons
- Therapeutic Communities for Treatment of Substance Abuse
- Treatment and Release of Insanity Acquittees
- Symptoms and Disorders Relevant to Forensic Assessment
- Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Automatism
- Battered Woman Syndrome
- Child Maltreatment
- Child Sexual Abuse
- Conduct Disorder
- Delusions
- Dissociative Identity Disorder
- Hallucinations
- Malingering
- Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Assessment of
- Mood Disorders
- Pedophilia
- Personality Disorders
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- Psychopathy
- Psychotic Disorders
- Substance Use Disorders
- Trial Processes
- “Dynamite Charge”
- “Stealing Thunder”
- CSI Effect
- Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances in Capital Trials, Effects on Jurors
- Alibi Witnesses
- Alternative Dispute Resolution
- Amicus Curiae Briefs
- Bail-Setting Decisions
- Battered Woman Syndrome, Testimony on
- Chicago Jury Project
- Children's Testimony
- Children's Testimony, Evaluation by Juries
- Complex Evidence in Litigation
- Confession Evidence
- Damage Awards
- Death Qualification of Juries
- Domestic Violence Courts
- Drug Courts
- Elderly Defendants
- Expert Psychological Testimony
- Expert Psychological Testimony on Eyewitness Identification
- Expert Psychological Testimony, Admissibility Standards
- Expert Psychological Testimony, Forms of
- Expert Testimony, Qualifications of Experts
- Fingerprint Evidence, Evaluation of
- Hearsay Testimony
- Inadmissible Evidence, Impact on Juries
- Insanity Defense, Juries and
- Judges' Nonverbal Behavior
- Juries and Eyewitnesses
- Juries and Joined Trials
- Juries and Judges' Instructions
- Jury Administration Reforms
- Jury Competence
- Jury Decisions Versus Judges' Decisions
- Jury Deliberation
- Jury Nullification
- Jury Questionnaires
- Jury Reforms
- Jury Selection
- Jury Size and Decision Rule
- Jury Understanding of Judges' Instructions in Capital Cases
- Legal Authoritarianism
- Legal Negotiation
- Legal Socialization
- Leniency Bias
- Litigation Stress
- Mental Health Courts
- Parole Decisions
- Plea Bargaining
- Pretrial Publicity, Impact on Juries
- Probation Decisions
- Procedural Justice
- Prosecutorial Misconduct
- Public Opinion About Crime
- Public Opinion About the Courts
- Public Opinion About the Polygraph
- Race, Impact on Juries
- Racial Bias and the Death Penalty
- Religion and the Death Penalty
- Scientific Jury Selection
- Sexual Harassment, Jury Evaluation of
- Statistical Information, Impact on Juries
- Story Model for Juror Decision Making
- Translated Testimony
- Trial Consulting
- U.S. Supreme Court
- Victim Impact Statements
- Voir Dire
- Witness Preparation
- Wrongful Conviction
- Victim Reactions to Crime
- Battered Woman Syndrome
- Child Maltreatment
- Child Sexual Abuse
- Coping Strategies of Adult Sexual Assault Victims
- Danger Assessment Instrument (DA)
- Elder Abuse
- Intimate Partner Violence
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- Rape Trauma Syndrome
- Reporting Crimes and Victimization
- Sexual Harassment
- Stalking
- Victim Participation in the Criminal Justice System
- Victimization
- Victim-Offender Mediation With Juvenile Offenders
- Violence Risk Assessment
- Classification of Violence Risk (COVR)
- Danger Assessment Instrument (DA)
- Domestic Violence Screening Instrument (DVSI)
- Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (2nd edition) (PCL–R)
- Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV)
- Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV)
- HCR–20 for Violence Risk Assessment
- Jail Screening Assessment Tool (JSAT)
- MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study
- Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument–Version 2 (MAYSI–2)
- Minnesota Sex Offender Screening Tool–Revised (MnSOST–R)
- Novaco Anger Scale
- Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI)
- Psychopathy
- Psychopathy, Treatment of
- Rapid Risk Assessment for Sexual Offense Recidivism (RRASOR)
- Risk Assessment Approaches
- Sex Offender Assessment
- Sex Offender Civil Commitment
- Sex Offender Needs Assessment Rating (SONAR)
- Sex Offender Recidivism
- Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG)
- Sexual Violence Risk–20 (SVR–20)
- Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START)
- Spousal Assault Risk Assessment (SARA)
- STABLE–2007 and ACUTE–2007 Instruments
- STATIC–99 and STATIC–2002 Instruments
- Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY)
- Substance Abuse and Intimate Partner Violence
- Substance Use Disorders
- Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG)
- Violence Risk Assessment
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