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Norm-Referenced Testing: Methods and Procedures
Introduction
This entry provides a definition of norm-referenced testing emphasizing its specific characteristics as it pertains to educational and psychological testing. The different uses and applications of norm-referenced tests as highlighted by the most popular types of comparisons made are also noted. Third, the advantages and disadvantages of norm-referenced testing are discussed while future applications and uses of norm-referenced testing are described in the concluding section.
Definition and Characteristics of Norm-Referenced Testing
Norm-referenced testing refers to the process of developing and applying tests to enable the interpretation of an examinee's score relative to that of other examinees. Norm-referenced tests provide answers to the question: ‘How much of the measured construct does a person possess in relation to the comparable norm group?’ Norm-referenced testing differs from criterion-referenced testing (CRT) ...
- 1. Theory and Methodology
- Ambulatory Assessment
- Assessment Process
- Assessor's Bias
- Automated Test Assembly Systems
- Classical and Modern Item Analysis
- Classical Test Theory
- Classification (General, including Diagnosis)
- Criterion-Referenced Testing: Methods and Procedures
- Cross-Cultural Assessment
- Decision (including Decision Theory)
- Diagnosis of Mental and Behavioural Disorders
- Diagnostic Testing in Educational Settings
- Dynamic Assessment (Learning Potential Testing, Testing the Limits)
- Ethics
- Evaluability Assessment
- Evaluation: Programme Evaluation (General)
- Explanation
- Factor Analysis: Confirmatory
- Factor Analysis: Exploratory
- Formats for Assessment
- Generalizability Theory
- History of Psychological Assessment
- Intelligence Assessment through Cohort and Time
- Item Banking
- Item Bias
- Item Response Theory: Models and Features
- Latent Class Analysis
- Multidimensional Item Response Theory
- Multidimensional Scaling Methods
- Multimodal Assessment (including Triangulation)
- Multitrait-Multimethod Matrices
- Needs Assessment
- Norm-Referenced Testing: Methods and Procedures
- Objectivity
- Outcome Assessment/Treatment Assessment
- Person/Situation (Environment) Assessment
- Personality Assessment through Longitudinal Designs
- Prediction (General)
- Prediction: Clinical vs. Statistical
- Qualitative Methods
- Reliability
- Report (General)
- Reporting Test Results in Education
- Self-Presentation Measurement
- Self-Report Distortions (including Faking, Lying, Malingering, Social Desirability)
- Test Adaptation/Translation Methods
- Test User Competence/Responsible Test Use
- Theoretical Perspective: Cognitive
- Theoretical Perspective: Cognitive-Behavioural
- Theoretical Perspective: Constructivism
- Theoretical Perspective: Psychoanalytic
- Theoretical Perspective: Psychological Behaviourism
- Theoretical Perspective: Psychometrics
- Theoretical Perspective: Systemic
- Trait-State Models
- Utility
- Validity (General)
- Validity: Construct
- Validity: Content
- Validity: Criterion-Related
- 2. Methods, Tests and Equipment
- Adaptive and Tailored Testing
- Analogue Methods
- Autobiography
- Behavioural Assessment Techniques
- Brain Activity Measurement
- Case Formulation
- Coaching Candidates to Score Higher on Tests
- Computer-Based Testing
- Equipment for Assessing Basic Processes
- Field Survey: Protocols Development
- Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS)
- Idiographic Methods
- Interview (General)
- Interview in Behavioural and Health Settings
- Interview in Child and Family Settings
- Interview in Work and Organizational Settings
- Neuropsychological Test Batteries
- Observational Methods (General)
- Observational Techniques in Clinical Settings
- Observational Techniques in Work and Organizational Settings
- Projective Techniques
- Psychoeducational Test Batteries
- Psychophysiological Equipment and Measurements
- Self-Observation (Self-Monitoring)
- Self-Report Questionnaires
- Self-Reports (General)
- Self-Reports in Behavioural Clinical Settings
- Self-Reports in Work and Organizational Settings
- Socio-Demographic Conditions
- Sociometric Methods
- Standard for Educational and Psychological Testing
- Subjective Methods
- Test Accommodations for Disabilities
- Test Anxiety
- Test Designs: Developments
- Test Directions and Scoring
- Testing through the Internet
- Unobtrusive Measures
- 3. Personality
- Anxiety Assessment
- Attachment
- Attitudes
- Attribution Styles
- Big Five Model Assessment
- Burnout Assessment
- Cognitive Styles
- Coping Styles
- Emotions
- Empowerment
- Interest
- Leadership Personality
- Locus of Control
- Motivation
- Optimism
- Person/Situation (Environment) Assessment
- Personal Constructs
- Personality Assessment (General)
- Personality Assessment through Longitudinal Designs
- Prosocial Behaviour
- Self, The (General)
- Self-Control
- Self-Efficacy
- Self-Presentation Measurement
- Sensation Seeking
- Social Competence (including Social Skills, Assertion)
- Temperament
- Time Orientation
- Trait-State Models
- Values
- Weil-Being (including Life Satisfaction)
- 4. Intelligence
- Attention
- Cognitive Ability: g Factor
- Cognitive Ability: Multiple Cognitive Abilities
- Cognitive Decline/Impairment
- Cognitive Plasticity
- Cognitive Processes: Current Status
- Cognitive Processes: Historical Perspective
- Cognitive/Mental Abilities in Work and Organizational Settings
- Creativity
- Dynamic Assessment (Learning Potential Testing, Testing the Limits)
- Emotional Intelligence
- Equipment for Assessing Basic Processes
- Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
- Intelligence Assessment (General)
- Intelligence Assessment through Cohort and Time
- Language (General)
- Learning Disabilities
- Memory (General)
- Mental Retardation
- Practical Intelligence: Conceptual Aspects
- Practical Intelligence: Its Measurement
- Problem Solving
- Triarchic Intelligence Components
- Wisdom
- 5. Clinical and Health
- Anger, Hostility and Aggression Assessment
- Antisocial Disorders Assessment
- Anxiety Assessment
- Anxiety Disorders Assessment
- Applied Behavioural Analysis
- Applied Fields: Clinical
- Applied Fields: Gerontology
- Applied Fields: Health
- Caregiver Burden
- Child and Adolescent Assessment in Clinical Settings
- Clinical Judgement
- Coping Styles
- Counselling, Assessment in
- Couple Assessment in Clinical Settings
- Dangerous/Violence Potential Behaviour
- Dementia
- Diagnosis of Mental and Behavioural Disorders
- Dynamic Assessment (Learning Potential Testing, Testing the Limits)
- Eating Disorders
- Health
- Identity Disorders
- Interview in Behavioural and Health Settings
- Irrational Beliefs
- Learning Disabilities
- Mental Retardation
- Mood Disorders
- Observational Techniques in Clinical Settings
- Outcome Assessment/Treatment Assessment
- Palliative Care
- Prediction: Clinical vs. Statistical
- Psychoneuroimmunology
- Quality of Life
- Self-Observation (Self-Monitoring)
- Self-Reports in Behavioural Clinical Settings
- Social Competence (including Social Skills, Assertion)
- Stress
- Substance Abuse
- Test Anxiety
- Thinking Disorders Assessment
- Type A: A Proposed Psychosocial Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Diseases
- Type C: A Proposed Psychosocial Risk Factor for Cancer
- 6. Educational and Child Assessment
- Achievement Testing
- Applied Fields: Education
- Child Custody
- Children with Disabilities
- Coaching Candidates to Score Higher on Tests
- Cognitive Psychology and Assessment Practices
- Communicative Language Abilities
- Development (General)
- Development: Intelligence/Cognitive
- Development: Language
- Development: Psychomotor
- Development: Socio-Emotional
- Diagnostic Testing in Educational Settings
- Dynamic Assessment (Learning Potential Testing, Testing the Limits)
- Evaluation in Higher Education
- Giftedness
- Instructional Strategies
- Interview in Child and Family Settings
- Item Banking
- Learning Strategies
- Performance
- Performance Standards: Constructed Response Item Formats
- Performance Standards: Selected Response Item Formats
- Planning
- Planning Classroom Tests
- Pre-School Children
- Psychoeducational Test Batteries
- Reporting Test Results in Education
- Standard for Educational and Psychological Testing
- Test Accommodations for Disabilities
- Test Directions and Scoring
- Testing in the Second Language in Minorities
- 7. Work and Organizations
- Achievement Motivation
- Applied Fields: Forensic
- Applied Fields: Organizations
- Applied Fields: Work and Industry
- Career and Personnel Development
- Centres (Assessment Centres)
- Cognitive/Mental Abilities in Work and Organizational Settings
- Empowerment
- Interview in Work and Organizational Settings
- Job Characteristics
- Job Stress
- Leadership in Organizational Settings
- Leadership Personality
- Motor Skills in Work Settings
- Observational Techniques in Work and Organizational Settings
- Organizational Culture
- Performance
- Personnel Selection, Assessment in
- Physical Abilities in Work Settings
- Risk and Prevention in Work and Organizational Settings
- Self-Reports in Work and Organizational Settings
- Total Quality Management
- 8. Neurophysiopsychological Assessment
- Applied Fields: Neuropsychology
- Applied Fields: Psychophysiology
- Brain Activity Measurement
- Dementia
- Equipment for Assessing Basic Processes
- Executive Functions Disorders
- Memory Disorders
- Neuropsychological Test Batteries
- Outcome Evaluation in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation
- Psychoneuroimmunology
- Psychophysiological Equipment and Measurements
- Visuo-Perceptual Impairments
- Voluntary Movement
- 9. Environmental Assessment
- Behavioural Settings and Behaviour Mapping
- Cognitive Maps
- Couple Assessment in Clinical Settings
- Environmental Attitudes and Values
- Family
- Landscapes and Natural Environments
- Life Events
- Organizational Structure, Assessment of
- Perceived Environmental Quality
- Person/Situation (Environment) Assessment
- Post-Occupancy Evaluation for the Built Environment
- Residential and Treatment Facilities
- Social Climate
- Social Networks
- Social Resources
- Stressors: Physical
- Stressors: Social
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