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Solidarity Movement
Solidarity began in September 1980 at the Lenin Shipyards, and although it was a Polish trade union federation originally led by Lech Wałęsa, it in fact constituted a broad anticommunist social movement. It rapidly changed into an umbrella organization under which a broad range of political and social groups united in opposition to the communist regime.
At Solidarity's first national congress in 1981, a program calling for an active Solidarity role in reforming Poland's political and economic systems was adopted. The government attempted to destroy the organization with the martial law of 1981 and several years of repression. The organization was forced underground until the late 1980s. During its underground phase, Solidarity lost much of its original cohesion as tactical and philosophical disagreements split the movement ...
- Abdullah II
- All the President's Men
- Argentina Democratization Process, Role of the Media
- Carrie Chapman Catt Center for Women and Politics
- Electoral Systems
- Brazil, Media and the Political System
- Abortion
- Ad Watch
- Apathy, Voter
- American-Style Campaigning
- Checkers Speech
- AARP
- Abortion
- Bush–Rather Confrontation
- Agenda Melding
- Carrie Chapman Catt Center for Women and Politics
- Adenauer, Konrad
- American Voter, The
- Brazil, Media and the Political System
- Center for the Study of the American Electorate
- European Parliamentary Elections
- China, Media and Politics in
- Affirmative Action
- Advocacy Advertising
- Authoritarianism
- Ballot Initiatives
- Chinese Cultural Revolution
- Advocacy Advertising
- Aging and Politics
- Commentary, Political
- Agenda Setting
- Feminine Style in Communication
- Agnew, Spiro
- Bowling Alone
- Bulgaria, Democratization
- Freedom Forum Media Studies Center
- E-Voting
- Chinese Cultural Revolution
- Ballot Initiatives
- Agenda Melding
- Cybernationalism
- Campaign Finance
- Falklands-Malvinas War
- Aging and Politics
- Ballot Initiatives
- Embedded Journalists
- Americanization
- First Ladies, Political Communication of
- Ailes, Roger
- Campaigns & Elections Magazine
- Democratization, Role of the Media in
- Graduate School of Political Management
- Grassroots Campaigning
- Communism
- Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
- Agenda Setting
- Ideology
- Candidate-Centered Communication
- Gulf War, Media Coverage of
- American Association of Political Consultants
- Civil Rights Movement
- Hostile Media Effect
- Apologia
- Gender and Politics
- Al-Asad, Hafiz
- Candidate, The
- Direct Action Protest, Australia
- McGovern Library and Center for Public Service and Leadership
- Iowa Caucuses
- Conservative, Conservatism
- Brazil, Media and the Political System
- Al Jazeera Television
- Mass Political Behavior
- Candidate Films, Biographical
- Helsinki Process
- Center for the Study of the American Electorate
- Issue Management
- Journalism, Political
- Argumentation, Political
- Hill–Thomas Hearings
- Alfonsín, Raúl
- Candidates and Their Images
- Direct Democracy
- Pew Internet & American Life Project
- Primaries
- E-Government
- Buckley v. Valeo
- Alternative Media in Politics
- New Right
- Celebrities in Politics
- Heuristics in Political Decision Making
- Commission on Presidential Debates
- Issue Ownership
- Metacoverage
- Aristotle
- Women Candidates, Advertising
- Allende, Salvador
- Citizen Kane
- German Unification, Role of the Media
- Pew Research Center for the People & the Press
- Proportional Representation
- Electoral Systems
- Campaign Finance
- Argentina Democratization Process, Role of the Media
- Parasocial Relationships in Politics
- Commission on Presidential Debates
- Hill–Thomas Hearings
- Congress and the Media
- Kids Voting USA
- Muckrakers, Muckraking
- Authoritarianism
- Women Candidates, News Coverage
- Al-Sadat, Anwar
- Commander in Chief
- Hungary, Communication and Politics
- Political Commercial Archive
- Second-Order Election
- Eurobarometer
- Censorship, Political
- Banner Ads
- Party Identification
- Daisy Girl Ad
- Hong Kong Handover
- Conservative Party, Britain
- Lobbying, Lobbyist
- Pack Journalism
- Communism
- Arafat, Yasser
- Comparing Media Systems
- Poland, Democratization
- Political Communication Center
- Ticket Splitting
- European Commission
- Civil Rights Movement
- Big-Character Posters, China
- Political Branding
- Debates
- Inaugural Addresses, Presidential
- Conventions, Political
- Mass Political Behavior
- Pooled Journalism
- Conservative, Conservatism
- Aznar, José María
- Creating Reality
- Russia, Democratization and Media
- Survey Research Center
- Voter News Service
- European Parliament
- Communications Act of 1934
- Blogs, Blogging
- Political Correctness
- DebateWatch
- Iowa Caucuses
- Council of Europe, Media Policy
- Minorities, Role in Politics
- Public Journalism
- Constructivism
- Bachelet Jeria, Michelle
- Crosstalk
- Vanderbilt Television News Archive
- Voting Behavior
- European Parliamentary Elections
- Council of Europe, Media Policy
- Brazil, Media and the Political System
- Political Culture
- Free Airtime
- Iraq War, Media Coverage of
- Democratic National Committee
- Political Corruption
- Talk Radio, Political
- Critical Theory
- Ben Ali, Zine el-Abidine
- Daily Show, The
- World Association for Public Opinion Research
- Youth Voting
- European Union
- Equal Time Provision
- Bush–Rather Confrontation
- Political Involvement
- Grassroots Campaigning
- Kennedy Assassination
- Democratic Party
- Political Knowledge
- Talk Shows, Television
- Cultivation Theory
- Berlusconi, Silvio
- Deciding What's News
- Federal Trade Commission
- European Commission
- Campaigns & Elections Magazine
- Political Knowledge
- Hate Speech
- Mass Nonviolent Protest, Australia
- European Association of Political Consultants
- Segregation
- Women Candidates, News Coverage
- Cultural Imperialism
- Blair, Tony
- Effects of Mass Communication, The
- Government Communication
- European Convention on Human Rights
- Candidate Films, Biographical
- Polls
- Iowa Caucuses
- McCarthy Hearings
- European Parliament
- Welfare Policy
- Yellow Journalism
- Cultural Studies
- Blumler, Jay G.
- Film and Politics
- Hong Kong Handover
- European Court of Justice
- Cartoons, Political
- Populism
- Media Consultants
- Muhammed Cartoon Events
- European Parliamentary Elections
- Dealignment
- Bormann, Ernest
- Four Theories of the Press
- Hungary, Communication and Politics
- European Union Media Policy
- Checkers Speech
- Psychographics in Politics
- Negative Campaigning
- Pentagon Papers, The
- European Union
- Deliberation
- Bouteflika, Abdelaziz
- Great Debates, The
- Political Prisoners
- Fairness Doctrine
- China, Media and Politics in
- Public Opinion
- Party Election Broadcasts
- Political Conflict
- European Union, Media Policy
- Democracy Theories
- Brandt, Willy
- Handbook of Political Communication, The
- Press Secretary, White House
- Federal Election Campaign Act
- Citizen Journalism
- Race in Politics
- Personal Campaigning
- Political Scandal
- Feminist Movement
- Demography
- Broder, David
- Image, The
- Proportional Representation
- Federal Trade Commission
- CNN (Cable News Network)
- Ticket Splitting
- Political Advertising
- Protests, Political
- Freedom Forum Media Studies Center
- Dependency Theory, Media
- Buchanan, Patrick
- Mediated Political Realities
- Public Affairs, Communication in
- First Amendment
- Commander in Chief
- Voter Behavior
- Political Advertising, Independent
- Revolution, Political
- Glasgow Media Group
- Diffusion of Innovations
- Bush, George H. W.
- Nature of Prejudice, The
- State of the Union Address
- Free Airtime
- Commentary, Political
- Political Advertising, Radio
- Speeches, Presidential
- Green Party
- Digital Divide
- Bush, George W.
- News: The Politics of Illusion
- Supreme Court, Media and the
- Freedom of Information
- Congress and the Media
- Primaries
- Spiegel Affair
- Interest Groups in Politics
- Dramatistic Approaches to Political Communication
- Bush, Laura
- Nightline
- Libel
- C-SPAN Network
- Soft Money
- State of the Union Address
- Labour Party, Britain
- Fantasy Theme Analysis
- Cardoso, Fernando Henrique
- People's Choice, The
- McConnell v. Federal Election Commission
- Daily Show, The
- Testimonials, Political
- Tampa Incident
- Latinos and Politics, Media
- Fear Appeals, Use in Politics
- Carville, James
- Personal Influence
- Obscenity and Pornography
- Daisy Girl Ad
- Web Campaigning
- Terrorism and Media
- Libertarian Party
- Feminine Style in Communication
- Castro, Fidel
- Political Campaign Communication
- Press Freedom
- Debates
- Webstyle
- Waldheim Affair
- Lobbying, Lobbyist
- Focus Groups
- Chaffee, Steven H.
- Political Communication
- Press Law of 1766, Sweden
- DebateWatch
- Willie Horton Ad
- War Coverage
- Minorities, Role in Politics
- Framing
- Chávez, Hugo
- Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, The
- Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC
- Democratization, Role of the Media in
- Women Candidates, Advertising
- Watergate
- NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
- Gender and Politics
- Chirac, Jacques
- Processing the News
- Reputation in Politics
- Direct Mail
- Women Candidates, News Coverage
- Watts Riots
- National Association of Broadcasters
- Globalization
- Chisolm, Shirley
- Psychology of Radio, The
- Royal Commission on the Press
- Editorials
- New Right
- Group Decision Making, Political
- Churchill, Sir Winston
- Responsive Chord, The
- Shield Laws
- E-Mail, Political Uses
- Party Identification
- Heuristics in Political Decision Making
- Çiller, Tansu
- Saturday Night Live
- Soft Money
- Fairness Doctrine
- Pew Internet & American Life Project
- Hostile Media Effect
- Clinton, Hillary Rodham
- Selling of the President 1968, The
- UNESCO Media Policy
- Film and Politics
- Pew Research Center for the People & the Press
- Humor in Politics
- Clinton, William Jefferson
- Symbolic Uses of Politics, The
- United States Information Agency
- Fireside Chats
- Political Action Committees (PACs)
- Image, Political
- Coburg-Gotha, Simeon Saxe
- Television in Politics
- Fourth Estate, Media as
- Political Culture
- Impression Management
- Collor de Mello, Fernando
- Unseeing Eye, The
- Fox News
- Political Parties
- Indexing Theory
- Connally, John
- Virtuous Circle, A
- Free Airtime
- Reform Party
- Information Flow, Global
- Cronkite, Walter
- War of the Worlds, The
- Freedom Forum Media Studies Center
- Religion in Politics
- Information Society
- Dean, Howard
- West Wing, The
- German Unification, Role of the Media
- Republican National Committee
- Inoculation, Political
- de Gaulle, Charles
- Gulf War, Media Coverage of
- Republican Party
- Intercultural Communication, Dimensions
- Demirel, Süleyman
- Hard News
- Solidarity Movement
- Interpersonal Communication
- Deng Xiaoping
- Horserace Coverage
- UNESCO Media Policy
- Kids Voting USA
- Denton, Robert E., Jr.
- Hostile Media Effect
- Unions, Political Activity
- Knowledge Gap
- Dole, Elizabeth
- Hungary, Communication and Politics
- Youth Voting
- Language and Politics
- Dole, Robert
- Information Technology in Politics
- Limited Effects Theory
- Donsbach, Wolfgang
- Infotainment
- Mass Political Behavior
- Dukakis, Michael
- Iraq War, Media Coverage of
- McConnell v. Federal Election Commission
- Ecevit, Bülent
- Letters to the Editor
- Mediatization
- Edelman, Murray
- Media Bias
- Medium Theory
- Eisenhower, Dwight D.
- Media Buying in Politics
- Methodology
- Entman, Robert
- Media Consultants
- Modernization
- Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip
- Media Events
- Music and Politics
- Ferraro, Geraldine
- Media Feeding Frenzy
- News Management
- Fleischer, Ari
- Media Logic
- News Selection Process
- Ford, Betty
- Mediatization
- Orientation, Need for
- Ford, Gerald
- Metacoverage
- Participation, Political
- Fox, Vicente
- Muckrakers, Muckraking
- Personalization of Politics
- Franken, Al
- Music and Politics
- Persuasion, Political
- Gandhi, Indira
- National Association of Broadcasters
- Pharisee Effect
- Gerbner, George
- National Public Radio (NPR)
- Pluralistic Ignorance
- Gingrich, Newt
- Negative Advertising
- Political Conflict
- Giscard d'Estaing, Valéry
- New Media Technologies
- Political Disaffection
- Giuliani, Rudy
- New York Times, The
- Political Efficacy
- Goebbels, Joseph
- News Coverage, Politics
- Political Engagement
- Goldwater, Barry
- News Magazines
- Political Information Efficacy
- González Márquez, Felipe
- News Management
- Political Information Processing
- Gorbachev, Mikhail
- News Selection Process
- Political Involvement
- Gore, Albert
- Newspapers, Role in Politics
- Political Knowledge
- Graber, Doris A.
- Nightline
- Political Leadership
- Greeley, Horace
- Party Election Broadcasts
- Political Marketing
- Guggenheim, Charles
- Party Press
- Political Scandal
- Haider, Jörg
- PBS (Public Broadcasting Service)
- Political Socialization
- Hallin, Daniel C.
- Political Advertising, Independent
- Politics, Policy, Polity
- Hanson, Pauline
- Political Advertising, Radio
- Presidential Communication
- Harris, Fred
- Political Advertising
- Press and Politics
- Hart, Gary
- Political Branding
- Press Theories
- Hart, Roderick P.
- Pooled Journalism
- Priming
- Hassan II, King
- Posters, Political
- Professionalization
- Havel, Václav
- Press and Politics
- Propaganda
- Hearst, William Randolph
- Press Conferences
- Psychographics in Politics
- Hitler, Adolf
- Press Freedom
- Public Communication in Politics
- Holtz-Bacha, Christina
- Press Secretary, White House
- Public Sphere
- Humphrey, Hubert H.
- Press Theories
- Pundits, Punditry
- Hussein I, King
- Public Affairs, Communication in
- Race in Politics
- Jackson, Jesse
- Public Relations, Political
- Reputation in Politics
- Jamieson, Kathleen Hall
- Public Service Broadcasting
- Resonance Theory
- Johnson, Lyndon B.
- Radio Addresses
- Rhetoric, Political
- Jordan, Barbara
- Radio Free Europe
- Selective Processes, Exposure, Perception, Memory
- Kaid, Lynda Lee
- Radio, Politics and
- Sleeper Effect
- Katz, Elihu
- Reporters Without Borders
- Social Marketing
- Kekkonen, Urho
- Rock the Vote
- Social Responsibility Theory
- Kennedy, Edward (Ted)
- Russia, Democratization and Media
- Speeches, Presidential
- Kennedy, John F.
- Rwanda Genocide, Role of Media
- Spiral of Silence
- Kennedy, Robert F.
- Saturday Night Live
- Strategic Communication
- Kenyatta, Jomo
- Soft News
- Symbolic Convergence Theory
- Kepplinger, Hans Mathias
- Sound Bite
- Systems Theory
- Kerry, John
- Spin, Political
- Third-Person Effect
- Khrushchev, Nikita
- Stringer
- Two-Step Flow Model of Communication
- Kibaki, Mwai
- Supreme Court, Media and the
- Uses and Gratifications Approach
- King, Martin Luther, Jr.
- Tabloids
- Verbal Style
- Klapper, Joseph
- Talk Radio, Political
- Videostyle
- Kohl, Helmut
- Talk Shows, Television
- Voter Behavior
- Kraus, Sidney
- Tampa Incident
- Kreisky, Bruno
- TechnoDistortions
- Kwaśniewski, Aleksander
- Testimonials, Political
- Lang, Gladys Engel
- Underground Media
- Lang, Kurt
- UNESCO Media Policy
- Lasswell, Harold
- Video Games, Political
- Lazarsfeld, Paul F.
- Videostyle
- Lehrer, Jim
- Voice of America
- Lenin, Vladímir I.
- Voter News Service
- Le Pen, Jean-Marie
- War Coverage
- Lewinsky, Monica
- War of the Worlds, The
- Limbaugh, Rush
- Washington Post, The
- Lippmann, Walter
- Web Campaigning
- Loukanov, Andrey
- Webstyle
- Machiavelli, Niccolò
- West Wing, The
- Mancini, Paolo
- White House Press Corps
- Mandela, Nelson
- Willie Horton Ad
- Mandelson, Peter
- Women Candidates, Advertising
- Mao Zedong
- Women Candidates, News Coverage
- Marx, Karl
- World Wide Web, Political Uses
- Matalin, Mary
- Mazzoleni, Gianpietro
- McCain, John
- McCombs, Maxwell
- McGovern, George
- McLuhan, Marshall
- McQuail, Denis
- Meir, Golda
- Menem, Carlos
- Merkel, Angela
- Mitsotakis, Konstantinos
- Mitterrand, François
- Mohammed VI
- Moi, Daniel Arap
- Morales, Evo
- Moseley Braun, Carol
- Moyers, William (Bill)
- Mubarak, Hosni
- Murrow, Edward R.
- Muskie, Edmund
- Nader, Ralph
- Napolitan, Joseph
- Nasser, Gamal Abdel
- Nimmo, Dan
- Nixon, Richard M.
- Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth
- Nyerere, Julius
- Obama, Barack
- Onassis, Jacqueline Kennedy
- O'Reilly, Bill
- Özal, Turgut
- Palme, Olof
- Papandreou, Andreas
- Perón, Juan
- Perón, María Eva Duarte de
- Perot, Ross
- Putin, Vladimir
- Quayle, Dan
- Rabin, Yitzhak
- Rather, Dan
- Rawlings, Jerry
- Reagan, Nancy
- Reagan, Ronald
- Rice, Condoleezza
- Richards, Ann
- Rivera, Geraldo
- Rogers, Everett M.
- Roosevelt, Eleanor
- Roosevelt, Franklin D.
- Sabato, Larry
- Sanders, Keith R.
- Schramm, Wilbur
- Schröder, Gerhard
- Schroeder, Patricia
- Schulz, Winfried
- Schüssel, Wolfgang
- Schwartz, Tony
- Schwarzenegger, Arnold
- Senghor, Léopold Sédar
- Sharon, Ariel
- Simitis, Konstantinos
- Stephanopoulos, George
- Stevenson, Adlai
- Thatcher, Margaret
- Trippi, Joe
- Uzan, Cem
- Vargas, Getulio
- Vranitzky, Franz
- Wałęsa, Lech
- Wallace, George
- Watts, J. C.
- Weaver, David H.
- Wellstone, Paul
- Will, George
- Wilson, Harold
- Wolfsfeld, Gadi
- Yassine, Abdessalam
- Yeltsin, Boris
- Zhelev, Zhelyu
- Zhivkov, Todor
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