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Mirror Neurons
Mirror neurons discharge both when a macaque monkey performs an object-directed action, such as grasping a peanut, and when the monkey observes another individual performing the same action, such as when the monkey sees the experimenter grasp a peanut. Thus, these neurons “mirror” others' actions as if one would perform them oneself, providing a previously unexpected, direct link between individuals. This entry summarizes the most important findings on mirror neurons in monkeys and related findings on mirroring in humans.
Basic Findings
Using single cell recording, mirror neurons have, so far, been discovered in two areas of the macaque brain: first in area F5 of the inferior frontal cortex (ventral premotor cortex) and later in the inferior parietal lobule (IPL). These two brain areas work in concert and ...
- Action
- Action and Vision
- Corollary Discharge
- Echolocation
- Effort: Perception of
- Embodied Perception
- Event Perception
- Eye and Limb Tracking
- Eye Movements and Action in Everyday Life
- Eye Movements during Cognition and Conversation
- Eye Movements: Behavioral
- Eye Movements: Effects of Neurological and Mental Disorders On
- Feature Integration Theory
- Film (Cinema) Perception
- Guidance Systems for Blind People
- Haptics
- Human-Machine Interface
- Kinesthesia
- Mirror Neurons
- Motion Parallax and Structure from Motion
- Motion Perception
- Motion Perception: Social
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- Navigation through Spatial Layout
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- Unconscious Processes
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- Weight Perception
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- Attention: Effect on Perception
- Attention: Object-Based
- Attention: Physiological
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- Attention: Spatial
- Attention: Theories of
- Bistable Perception
- Cell Phones and Driver Distraction
- Change Detection
- Consciousness
- Eye and Limb Tracking
- Eye Movements during Cognition and Conversation
- Film (Cinema) Perception
- Magic and Perception
- Perceptual Development: Attention
- Rapid Serial Visual Presentation
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- Audition
- Absolute Pitch
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- Ageing and Hearing
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- Audition: Pitch Perception
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- Auditory Frequency Analysis, Neural
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- Auditory Localization: Psychophysics
- Auditory Masking
- Auditory Processing: Central
- Auditory Processing: Peripheral
- Auditory Receptors and Transduction
- Auditory Scene Analysis
- Auditory System: Damage Due to Overstimulation
- Auditory System: Evolution of
- Auditory System: Structure
- Auditory Thresholds
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- Cochlear Implants: Controversy
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- Computer Speech Perception
- Computer-Generated Speech, Perception of
- Echolocation
- Evoked Potential: Audition
- Guidance Systems for Blind People
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- Lightning and Thunder
- Melody Perception
- Mirror Neurons
- Multimodal Interactions: Tactile-Auditory
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- Perceptual Development: Hearing
- Perceptual Development: Infant Music Perception
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- Speech Perception
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- Chemical Senses
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- Air Quality
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- Constancy
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- Multimodal Interactions: Color-Chemical
- Multimodal Interactions: Thermal-Chemical
- Olfaction
- Olfaction and Reproductive Behavior
- Olfaction: Evolution of
- Olfaction: Feature Detection and Integration
- Olfactometry
- Olfactory Adaptation
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- Taste Adaptation
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- Taste Receptors and Transduction
- Taste Stimuli: Chemical and Food
- Taste System Structure
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- Taste: Disorders
- Taste: Genetics of
- Taste: Supertasters
- Visceral Perception
- Vomeronasal System
- Wine Tasting
- Cognition and Perception
- American Sign Language
- Attention and Medical Diagnosis
- Attention: Cognitive Influences
- Attention: Divided
- Attention: Selective
- Attention: Theories of
- Context Effects in Perception
- Cultural Effects on Visual Perception
- Decision Making, Perceptual
- Dyslexia
- Eye Movements during Cognition and Conversation
- Eyewitness Testimony
- Film (Cinema) Perception
- Language
- Magic and Perception
- Mind and Body
- Motion Perception: Social
- Music Cognition and Perception
- Music in Film
- Neural Prosthetic Systems
- Pain: Cognitive and Contextual Influences
- Recognition
- Sleep and Dreams
- Speech Perception
- Theory of Mind
- Time Perception
- Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing
- Vision: Cognitive Influences
- Computers and Perception
- Consciousness
- Disorders of Perception
- Agnosia: Auditory
- Agnosia: Tactile
- Agnosia: Visual
- Amblyopia
- Aphasias
- Assistive Technologies for the Blind
- Attention: Disorders
- Auditory System: Damage Due to Overstimulation
- Body Perception: Disorders
- Cochlear Implants: Controversy
- Cochlear Implants: Technology
- Color Deficiency
- Consciousness: Disorders
- Cortical Reorganization following Damage
- Dyslexia
- Loss of a Sense: Effect on Others, Psychological
- Neural Prosthetic Systems
- Neuropsychology of Perception
- Olfaction: Disorders
- Pain: Treatments for Chronic
- Phantom Limb
- Prostheses: Visual
- Recovery of Vision following Blindness
- Sensory Rehabilitation
- Sensory Restoration and Substitution
- Speechreading
- Taste: Disorders
- Tinnitus
- Vision: Developmental Disorders
- Visual Disorders: Blindness
- Illusory Perceptions
- Individual Differences (Human) and Comparative (Across Species; Not Including Ageing, Disorders, and Perceptual Development)
- Absolute Pitch
- Animal Chemical Sensitivity
- Animal Color Vision
- Animal Depth Perception
- Animal Eye Movements
- Animal Eyes
- Animal Frequency and Pitch Perception
- Animal Motion Perception
- Cultural Effects on Visual Perception
- Echolocation
- Electroreception
- Emotional Influences on Perception
- Individual Differences in Perception
- Nature and Nurture in Perception
- Pain: Cognitive and Contextual Influences
- Perceptual Expertise
- Private Nature of Perceptual Experience
- Taste and Food Preferences
- Taste: Genetics of
- Taste: Supertasters
- Video Games
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- Psychophysics: Detection
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- Selective Adaptation
- Signal Detection Theory and Procedures
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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- Visual Search
- Perceptual Development/Experience
- Ageing and Chemical Senses
- Ageing and Hearing
- Ageing and Touch
- Ageing and Vision
- Cultural Effects on Visual Perception
- Infant Perception
- Infant Perception: Methods of Testing
- Nature and Nurture in Perception
- Perceptual Development: Attention
- Perceptual Development: Color and Contrast
- Perceptual Development: Face Perception
- Perceptual Development: Hearing
- Perceptual Development: Imitation
- Perceptual Development: Intermodal Perception
- Perceptual Development: Object Perception
- Perceptual Development: Taste and Olfaction
- Perceptual Development: Touch and Pain
- Perceptual Development: Visual Acuity
- Perceptual Development: Visual Object Permanence and Identity
- Perceptual Development: Visually Guided Reaching
- Perceptual Expertise
- Perceptual Learning
- Prism Adaptation
- Statistical Learning
- Vision: Developmental Disorders
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- Color: Philosophical Issues
- Computer Consciousness
- Consciousness
- Content of Perceptual Experience
- Indirect Nature of Perception
- Intentionality and Perception
- Inverted Spectrum
- Mary the Color Scientist
- Mind and Body
- Modality (Philosophy)
- Molyneux's Question
- Naïve Realism
- Perceptual Representation (Philosophy)
- Phenomenology (Philosophy)
- Philosophical Approaches
- Philosophy: Access and Report
- Philosophy: Attention and the Size of the Conscious Field
- Private Nature of Perceptual Experience
- Qualia
- Seeing As
- Visual Filling in and Completion
- Physiological Processes
- Aftereffects
- Binding Problem
- Contrast Enhancement at Borders
- Cortical Organization
- Cortical Reorganization following Damage
- Experience-Dependent Plasticity
- Feedback Pathways
- Lateral Inhibition
- Loss of a Sense: Effect on Others, Psychological
- Mirror Neurons
- Modularity
- Multimodal Interactions: Neural Basis
- Neural Prosthetic Systems
- Neural Recording
- Neural Representation/Coding
- Neuropsychology of Perception
- Oscillatory Synchrony
- Physiological Approach
- Receptive Fields
- Speed of Processing in Sensory Systems
- Tuning Curves
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- Action and Vision
- Attention: Cross-Modal
- Cortical Reorganization following Damage
- Cross-Modal Transfer
- Extrasensory Perception
- Flavor
- Loss of a Sense: Effect on Others, Psychological
- Molyneux's Question
- Motion Perception: Social
- Multimodal Interactions: Color-Chemical
- Multimodal Interactions: Neural Basis
- Multimodal Interactions: Pain-Touch
- Multimodal Interactions: Tactile-Auditory
- Multimodal Interactions: Thermal-Chemical
- Multimodal Interactions: Visual-Auditory
- Multimodal Interactions: Visual-Haptic
- Perceptual Development: Intermodal Perception
- Perceptual-Motor Integration
- Sensory Restoration and Substitution
- Synesthesia
- Taste and Food Preferences
- Skin and Body Senses
- Ageing and Touch
- Agnosia: Tactile
- Body Perception
- Body Perception: Disorders
- Braille
- Constancy
- Cutaneous Perception
- Cutaneous Perception: Physiology
- Electroreception
- Embodied Perception
- Haptics
- Itch, Tickle, and Tingle
- Kinesthesia
- Migraine
- Molyneux's Question
- Multimodal Interactions: Pain-Touch
- Multimodal Interactions: Tactile-Auditory
- Multimodal Interactions: Thermal-Chemical
- Multimodal Interactions: Visual-Haptic
- Out-of-Body Experience
- Pain: Assessment and Measurement
- Pain: Cognitive and Contextual Influences
- Pain: Neuromatrix Theory
- Pain: Physiological Mechanisms
- Pain: Placebo Effects
- Pain: Treatments for Chronic
- Perceptual Development: Touch and Pain
- Phantom Limb
- Proprioception
- Reaching and Grasping
- Surface and Material Properties Perception
- Tactile Acuity
- Tactile Map Reading
- Temperature Perception
- Texture Perception: Tactile
- Tool Use
- Vibratory Perception
- Virtual Reality: Touch/Haptics
- Visceral Perception
- Weight Perception
- Theoretical Approaches
- Bayesian Approach
- Computational Approaches
- Direct Perception
- Ecological Approach
- Embodied Perception
- Evolutionary Approach
- Evolutionary Approach: Perceptual Adaptations
- Gestalt Approach
- Indirect Nature of Perception
- Information Theory
- Physiological Approach
- Psychophysical Approach
- Theoretical Approaches
- Theory of Mind
- Visual Perception
- Action and Vision
- Aesthetic Appreciation of Pictures
- Aftereffects
- Afterimages
- Ageing and Vision
- Agnosia: Visual
- Amblyopia
- American Sign Language
- Ames Demonstrations in Perception
- Amodal Perception
- Animal Color Vision
- Animal Depth Perception
- Animal Eye Movements
- Animal Eyes
- Animal Motion Perception
- Assistive Technologies for the Blind
- Atmospheric Phenomena
- Attention and Consciousness
- Attention and Emotion
- Attention and Medical Diagnosis
- Attention: Cognitive Influences
- Attention: Covert
- Attention: Cross-Modal
- Attention: Disorders
- Attention: Divided
- Attention: Effect of Breakdown
- Attention: Effect on Perception
- Attention: Object-Based
- Attention: Physiological
- Attention: Selective
- Attention: Spatial
- Attention: Theories of
- Attractiveness
- Binding Problem
- Binocular Vision and Stereopsis
- Bistable Perception
- Camouflage
- Causality
- Change Detection
- Color Constancy
- Color Deficiency
- Color Mixing
- Color Naming
- Color Perception
- Color Perception: Physiological
- Color: Genetics of
- Color: Philosophical Issues
- Computer Graphics and Perception
- Computer Vision
- Constancy
- Context Effects in Perception
- Contrast Perception
- Corollary Discharge
- Depth Perception in Pictures/Film
- Digital Imaging
- Direct Perception
- Dyslexia
- Ecological Approach
- Embodied Perception
- Event Perception
- Evoked Potential: Vision
- Experience-Dependent Plasticity
- Eye and Limb Tracking
- Eye Movements and Reading
- Eye Movements during Fixation
- Eye Movements: Behavioral
- Eye Movements: Physiological
- Eye: Structure and Optics
- Eyes: Evolution of
- Eyewitness Testimony
- Face Perception
- Face Perception: Physiological
- Film (Cinema) Perception
- Gestalt Approach
- Impossible Figures
- Inverted Spectrum
- Lateral Inhibition
- Light Measurement
- Lightness Constancy
- Lightning and Thunder
- Linear and Nonlinear System Analysis
- Low Vision
- Magic and Perception
- Mary the Color Scientist
- McCollough Effect
- Mirages
- Mirror Neurons
- Molyneux's Question
- Motion Parallax and Structure from Motion
- Motion Perception
- Motion Perception: Physiological
- Motion Perception: Social
- Multimodal Interactions: Color-Chemical
- Multimodal Interactions: Visual-Auditory
- Multimodal Interactions: Visual-Haptic
- Navigation through Spatial Layout
- Neuropsychology of Perception
- Nonveridical Perception
- Object Perception
- Object Perception: Physiology
- Object Persistence
- Optic Ataxia
- Perception in Unusual Environments
- Perceptual Development: Face Perception
- Perceptual Development: Imitation
- Perceptual Development: Object Perception
- Perceptual Development: Visual Acuity
- Perceptual Development: Visual Object Permanence and Identity
- Perceptual Development: Visually Guided Reaching
- Perceptual Organization: Vision
- Perceptual Segregation
- Perceptual-Motor Integration
- Pictorial Depiction and Perception
- Prostheses: Visual
- Reaching and Grasping
- Reading Typography
- Recognition
- Recovery of Vision following Blindness
- Retinal Anatomy
- Sleep and Dreams
- Social Perception
- Spatial Layout Perception, Neural
- Spatial Layout Perception, Psychophysical
- Spatial Memory
- Speechreading
- Statistical Learning
- Surface and Material Properties Perception
- Texture Perception: Visual
- Unconscious Processes
- Video Games
- Virtual Reality: Vision
- Vision
- Vision: Cognitive Influences
- Vision: Developmental Disorders
- Vision: Temporal Factors
- Visual Acuity
- Visual Categorization: Physiological Mechanisms
- Visual Disorders: Blindness
- Visual Displays
- Visual Filling in and Completion
- Visual Illusions
- Visual Imagery
- Visual Light- and Dark-Adaptation
- Visual Masking
- Visual Memory
- Visual Processing: Extrastriate Cortex
- Visual Processing: Primary Visual Cortex
- Visual Processing: Retinal
- Visual Processing: Subcortical Mechanisms for Gaze Control
- Visual Receptors and Transduction
- Visual Scene Perception
- Visual Scene Statistics
- Visual Search
- Visual Spatial Frequency Analysis
- Visual Stimuli
- Visual System Structure
- Visual System: Evolution of
- Visually Guided Actions
- Word Recognition
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