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Ethnic Identity Development Measures: Racial Identity Attitude Scale
Racial identity measurement originated in nigrescence stage models developed in the early 1970s by William E. Cross and Charles W. Thomas. Thomas A. Parnham and Janet E. Helms developed the Racial Identity Attitude Scale–Black (RIAS-B) to measure four racial identity development sequences rooted in the Cross model.
Developmental Sequences of Racial Identity
The RIAS-B consists of four subscales, labeled conformity, dissonance, immersion/emersion, and internalization. The subscales measure a progression within African American identity development of movement from internalization of negative racial messages to deepening adoption of a positive racial identity. Racial identity is a dynamic maturational process through which African Americans understand themselves within the context of a race-based society.
During conformity (previously labeled pre-encounter), African Americans internalize negative racial stereotypes, perceiving elements of their racial background as ...
- Conceptual Issues
- Acculturation
- Acculturative Stress
- African/Black Psychology
- Africentric
- Attribution
- Biracial Identity
- Blaming the Victim
- Collectivism
- Community Psychology
- Context Communication
- Coping Mechanisms
- Critical Race Theory
- Cross-Cultural Psychology
- Cultural Barriers
- Culture
- Emic Versus Etic Distinction
- Ethnic and Racial Identity
- Ethnic Gloss
- Ethnic Identity Development
- Ethnic Minority Elderly Individuals
- Ethnic Minority Youth
- Ethnic Research
- Ethnicity
- Ethnocentric Monoculturalism
- Ethnocentrism
- Eugenics
- External-Internal Control
- Health Issues
- Individualism
- Intelligence Tests
- Intergroup Relations
- John Henryism
- Language Proficiency
- Marginality
- Mental Health
- Minority Status
- Model Minority Myth
- Models of Mental Health
- Models of Second-Culture Acquisition
- Multicultural Counseling
- Multicultural Counseling Competencies
- Multicultural Personality
- Multiculturalism
- Neuropsychology
- Organizational Diversity
- Race
- Race Psychology
- Racial Identity Development
- Racial Identity Models
- Religion
- Self-Esteem
- Social Justice/Action
- Somatization
- Spirituality
- Teaching Racial Identity
- Tokenism/Psychology of Tokenism
- Translation Methods
- Uncle Tom Syndrome
- White Privilege
- White Racial Identity
- Worldviews
- Xenophobia
- Cultural Concerns
- Academic Achievement and Minority Individuals
- Anti-Semitism
- Bilingual Education
- Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood
- Cultural Barriers
- Dozens
- Drug Abuse Prevention in Ethnic Minority Youth
- Emic Versus Etic Distinction
- Equal Employment Opportunity
- Ethnic and Racial Identity
- Ethnic Identity Development
- Ethnocentric Monoculturalism
- Ethnocentrism
- Eugenics
- Filial Piety
- Help-Seeking Behavior
- Historical Trauma (Native Americans)
- Institutional Racism
- Instrument Development for Ethnic Minority Research
- Intelligence Tests
- Intergroup Relations
- Internalized Racism
- Internment of Japanese Americans
- Interpreters
- Intraracial Violence
- John Henryism
- Language Proficiency
- Marginality
- Minority Status
- Multiculturalism
- Parenting Practices Across Families of Color
- Poverty
- Powerlessness
- Psychopharmacology
- Race
- Racial Identity Development
- Racism and Discrimination
- Religion
- Scholastic Assessment Test
- Self-Disclosure
- Self-Esteem
- Socioeconomic Status
- Spirituality
- Stress
- Tokenism/Psychology of Tokenism
- Translation Methods
- Transracial Adoption
- Uncle Tom Syndrome
- White Privilege
- White Racial Identity
- Women of Color
- Worldviews
- Xenophobia
- Ethnic Groups
- African Americans and Mental Health
- Alaska Natives
- Asian/Pacific Islanders
- Biracial
- Chicanas/Chicanos
- Chinese Americans
- Cuban Americans
- Filipino Americans
- Hispanic Americans
- Immigrants
- Japanese Americans
- Korean Americans
- Mexican Americans
- Multiracial Individuals
- Native Americans
- Puerto Rican Americans
- Refugees
- Sexual Minority Status in People of Color
- Southeast Asian Americans
- Vietnamese Americans
- Indigenous Concerns
- Cholo/Chola
- Culture-Bound Syndromes
- Culture-Bound Syndromes: Amok
- Culture-Bound Syndromes: Ataque de Nervios
- Culture-Bound Syndromes: Bilis, Colera
- Culture-Bound Syndromes: Brain Fag
- Culture-Bound Syndromes: Dhat
- Culture-Bound Syndromes: Falling Out, Blacking Out
- Culture-Bound Syndromes: Ghost Sickness
- Culture-Bound Syndromes: Hwa-byung
- Culture-Bound Syndromes: Koro
- Culture-Bound Syndromes: Latah
- Culture-Bound Syndromes: Mal de Ojo
- Culture-Bound Syndromes: Nervios
- Culture-Bound Syndromes: Qigong Psychotic Reaction
- Culture-Bound Syndromes: Shenjing Shuairuo
- Culture-Bound Syndromes: Shin-byung
- Culture-Bound Syndromes: Susto
- Culture-Bound Syndromes: Taijin Kyofusho
- Culture-Bound Syndromes: Zar
- Familismo
- Filial Piety
- Indigenous Treatments and Healers
- Indigenous Treatments: Coining
- Indigenous Treatments: Cuento Therapy
- Indigenous Treatments: Cupping
- Indigenous Treatments: Curanderismo
- Indigenous Treatments: Dichos
- Indigenous Treatments: Moxibustion
- Indigenous Treatments: Shamans
- Indigenous Treatments: Sobadores
- Machismo
- Religious/Spiritual Beliefs: Espiritismo
- Religious/Spiritual Beliefs: Fatalismo
- Religious/Spiritual Beliefs: Marianismo
- Religious/Spiritual Beliefs: Personalismo
- Religious/Spiritual Beliefs: Santería
- Measurement
- Acculturation Measures
- Acculturation Scales: Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans–II
- Acculturation Scales: African American Acculturation Scale
- Acculturation Scales: Asian American Multidimensional Acculturation Scale
- Acculturation Scales: Bidimensional Acculturation Scale for Hispanics
- Acculturation Scales: East Asian Acculturation Measure
- Acculturation Scales: Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics
- Acculturation Scales: Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale
- Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale
- Ethnic Identity Development Measures
- Ethnic Identity Development Measures: Asian Values Scale
- Ethnic Identity Development Measures: Bicultural Involvement Scale
- Ethnic Identity Development Measures: Cross Racial Identity Scale
- Ethnic Identity Development Measures: Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure
- Ethnic Identity Development Measures: Orthogonal Cultural Identification Scale
- Ethnic Identity Development Measures: Racial Identity Attitude Scale
- Ethnic Research
- Instrument Development for Ethnic Minority Research
- Measures of Racial Prejudice
- Measures of Racial Prejudice: Modern Racism Scale
- Projective Testing
- Qualitative Methods
- Scholastic Assessment Test
- Professional Organizations
- American Counseling Association
- American Psychological Association
- Asian American Psychological Association
- Association of Black Psychologists
- Bureau of Indian Affairs
- Committee on Ethnic Minority Affairs
- Council of National Psychological Associations for the Advancement of Ethnic Minority Interests
- Indian Health Service
- National Latina/o Psychological Association
- Office of Ethnic Minority Affairs
- Society for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues
- Society of Indian Psychologists
- Psychopathology
- Alcohol/Substance Use and Abuse
- Anxiety Disorders in Ethnic Minorities
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
- Child Abuse: Overview
- Child Abuse: Physical
- Dementia
- Depression
- Disabilities
- Domestic Violence
- Drapetomania
- Drug Abuse Prevention in Ethnic Minority Youth
- DSM-IV
- Eating Disorders
- Mental Health
- Personality Disorders
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
- Schizophrenia
- Sexual Abuse
- Somatization
- Suicide
- Sociological Issues
- Bell Curve, The
- Academic Achievement and Minority Individuals
- Accessibility of Health Care
- Affirmative Action
- Americans With Disabilities Act
- Anti-Semitism
- Biculturalism
- Bilingual Education
- Bilingualism
- Census Statistics
- Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood
- Child Abuse: Overview
- Child Abuse: Physical
- Disabilities
- Domestic Violence
- Drug Abuse Prevention in Ethnic Minority Youth
- Education
- Equal Employment Opportunity
- Ethnic and Racial Identity
- Ethnic Identity Development
- Ethnic Minority Elderly Individuals
- Ethnic Minority Youth
- Ethnicity
- Ethnocentric Monoculturalism
- Ethnocentrism
- Eugenics
- Head Start
- Health Issues
- Historical Trauma (Native Americans)
- HIV/AIDS Prevention
- Immigrants
- Institutional Racism
- Intelligence Tests
- Intergroup Relations
- Internalized Racism
- Internment of Japanese Americans
- Intraracial Violence
- Marginality
- Mental Health
- Model Minority Myth
- Multiculturalism
- Multiracial Individuals
- Organizational Diversity
- Parenting Practices Across Families of Color
- Poverty
- Powerlessness
- Race
- Racial Identity Development
- Racism and Discrimination
- Refugees
- Religion
- Sexual Abuse
- Sexual Minority Status in People of Color
- Social Justice/Action
- Socioeconomic Status
- Stress
- Transracial Adoption
- White Privilege
- White Racial Identity
- Women of Color
- Treatment
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
- Community Interventions
- Ethnic Minority Counselors
- Family Therapy
- Health Issues
- Help-Seeking Behavior
- Indian Health Service
- Indigenous Treatments and Healers
- Indigenous Treatments: Coining
- Indigenous Treatments: Cuento Therapy
- Indigenous Treatments: Cupping
- Indigenous Treatments: Curanderismo
- Indigenous Treatments: Dichos
- Indigenous Treatments: Moxibustion
- Indigenous Treatments: Shamans
- Indigenous Treatments: Sobadores
- Interpreters
- Multicultural Counseling
- Multicultural Counseling Competencies
- Psychopharmacology
- Rapport
- Translation Methods
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