- Entry
- Reader's guide
- Entries A-Z
- Subject index
Poll Taxes
Poll taxes, sometimes referred to as a tax per head, represent a specific payment required from individuals to the governing body before they are able to vote in elections. Poll taxes have existed throughout history in different nations, states, and municipalities. ...
- Part I: U.S. Census Essays
- African American Categorization
- Age Distribution
- Alaska Native Categorization
- American Indian Categorization
- Asian American Categorization
- Category Controversies
- Census Data and Multicultural Research
- Demographics and Ethnic Diversity
- Ethnic/Racial Group Data
- Family and Marital Patterns
- Gender/Sex
- Hispanic/Latino Categorization
- History of the Census
- Multiple Race Categorization
- Native Hawai'ian Categorization
- Occupational Patterns
- Pacific Islander Categorization
- Racial and Ethnic Definitions
- Regional Patterns
- Residential Patterns
- Socioeconomic Patterns
- White Categorization
- Part II: A-to-Z Articles Concepts
- E Pluribus Unum
- Abolition
- Acculturation/Assimilation
- Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity
- Afrocentrism
- Americanization
- Colorism
- Constructivism, Intercultural
- Critical Race Theory
- Cross-Cultural Psychology
- Cultural Competence
- Culture
- Culture Shock
- Desegregation/Integration
- Diaspora
- Digital Divide, The
- Discourse
- Diversity
- Diversity and Inclusion
- Diversity Training
- Equity and Equality
- Ethics
- Ethnicity
- Ethnoburbs
- Ethnocentrism/Xenophobia
- Eugenics
- Genocide
- Gerrymandering
- Hegemony
- High/Low Context Cultures
- Identity Development
- Melting Pot
- Metrics of Diversity (Business)
- Multiculturalism
- Nativism
- Passing/Covering
- Perspectivism
- Pluralism
- Political Correctness
- Privilege
- Race
- Racism
- Relativism
- Research, Cultural Variables in
- Roles, Social and Cultural
- Segregation
- Sharecropping
- Stereotypes/Generalizations
- Tipping
- Tolerance
- Whiteness Studies
- Education
- Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)
- Cooper v. Aaron (1958)
- Ho v. San Francisco Unified School District (1994)
- Lau v. Nichols (1974)
- McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
- Mendez v. Westminster (1946)
- Milliken v. Bradley (1974)
- Plyler v. Doe (1982)
- Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)
- Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971)
- Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
- Advancement via Individual Determination
- Anti-Racist Education
- Bilingual Education
- Carlisle Indian Industrial School
- Chief Diversity Officers
- Compensatory Education
- Cooperative/Collaborative Learning
- Counseling and Therapy, Multicultural
- Critical Pedagogy
- Culturally Responsive Pedagogy/Culturally Relevant Teaching
- Curricular Integration
- Diversity Assessment Instruments
- Dual (Two-Way) Immersion Education
- Educational Achievement
- Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965 and Reauthorizations)
- Emotional Intelligence
- English as a Second Language Education
- English-Language Learners
- Ethnic Studies
- Funds of Knowledge
- Global Education
- Haskell Indian Nations University
- Head Start
- Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion
- Higher Education
- Hispanic-Serving Institutions
- Historically Black Colleges and Universities
- Indian Boarding Schools
- Indian Education Act (1992)
- Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (1975)
- Intelligence Testing
- Intercultural Education
- Intergroup Education
- International Education
- Intersectionality
- Jewish Theological Seminary
- Knowledge Construction
- Little Rock School Desegregation
- Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlán
- Multicultural Education
- Multiple Intelligences
- Muslim Students Association
- National Association for Bilingual Education
- National Association for Multicultural Education
- No Child Left Behind Act (2001)
- Office of Bilingual Education and Minority Languages
- Office of English Language Acquisition
- Oppositional Culture
- School Desegregation
- School Segregation
- Special Education
- Stereotype Threat
- Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages
- Textbook Treatment of Ethnic Groups
- Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute
- Whiteness Studies
- Ethnic Culture
- “Lift Every Voice and Sing”
- Apollo Theater
- Barrio
- Chinatowns
- Cinco de Mayo
- Cofradía
- Corrido
- Cotton Club
- Curandero
- Día de los Muertos
- Feng Shui
- Folklórico
- Food
- Ghetto
- Gospel Music
- Harlem Globetrotters
- Harlem Renaissance
- Havurot
- Health Beliefs and Practices
- Herbalism
- Hip-Hop
- Karaoke
- Kwanzaa
- Kye
- Little Italy
- Lore
- Machismo
- Mafia
- Mahjar
- Marianismo
- Martial Arts
- Mutual Aid Societies
- Mutualista
- Negro Baseball Leagues
- Patrón System
- Potlatch
- Powwow
- Quinceañera
- Roles, Social and Cultural
- Santería
- Slave Narratives
- St. Patrick's Day
- Sweat Lodge
- Tanamoshi
- Teatro Campesino, El
- Time, Differing Cultural Conceptions of
- Tong
- Yiddish Theater
- Ethnic Groups and Clusters
- Afghan Americans
- African Americans
- Albanian Americans
- Aleuts
- Algonquian-Speaking Tribes
- Apache
- Appalachians
- Arab Americans
- Arapaho
- Argentine Americans
- Armenian Americans
- Asian Americans
- Australian Americans
- Austrian Americans
- Bangladeshi Americans
- Basque Americans
- Belarusian Americans
- Belgian Americans
- Blackfoot
- Bolivian Americans
- Brazilian Americans
- Bulgarian Americans
- Cajuns
- Cambodian Americans
- Canadian Americans
- Cape Verdean Americans
- Caribbean Americans
- Carpatho-Rusyn Americans
- Chaldean Americans
- Cherokee
- Cheyenne
- Chicanos
- Chickasaw
- Chilean Americans
- Chinese Americans
- Choctaw
- Colombian Americans
- Comanche
- Costa Rican Americans
- Creoles
- Croatian Americans
- Crow
- Cuban Americans
- Cypriot Americans
- Czech Americans
- Danish Americans
- Dominican Americans
- Dutch Americans
- Ecuadorian Americans
- Egyptian Americans
- English Americans
- Eskimos
- Estonian Americans
- European Americans
- Filipino Americans
- Finnish Americans
- Flemish Americans
- French Americans
- French Canadian Americans
- German Americans
- Greek Americans
- Guatemalan Americans
- Guyanese Americans
- Haitian Americans
- Hapa
- Havasupai
- Hawai'ians (Native)
- Hindu Americans
- Hispanic Americans
- Hmong Americans
- Honduran Americans
- Hopi
- Hungarian Americans
- Icelandic Americans
- Indian (Asian) Americans
- Indonesian Americans
- Iranian Americans
- Iraqi Americans
- Irish Americans
- Israeli Americans
- Italian Americans
- Jamaican Americans
- Japanese Americans
- Jordanian Americans
- Kiowa
- Klamath
- Korean Americans
- Kurdish Americans
- Laotian Americans
- Latinos
- Latvian Americans
- Lebanese Americans
- Lenape
- Lithuanian Americans
- Lumbee
- Luxembourgian Americans
- Macedonian Americans
- Maltese Americans
- Mexican Americans
- Mohawk
- Muscogee (Muskogee)
- Narragansett
- Native Americans
- Navajo
- New Zealand Americans
- Nez Perce
- Nicaraguan Americans
- Nigerian Americans
- Northern Irish Americans
- Norwegian Americans
- Nuyoricans
- Odawa
- Ojibwe
- Omaha
- Oneida
- O'odham Tribes
- Osage
- Pacific Islander Americans
- Paiute
- Pakistani Americans
- Palestinian Americans
- Panamanian Americans
- Paraguayan Americans
- Pennsylvania Dutch
- Peruvian Americans
- Polish Americans
- Polynesian Americans
- Portuguese Americans
- Pueblo
- Puerto Ricans
- Roma Americans
- Romanian Americans
- Russian Americans
- Salvadoran Americans
- Samoan Americans
- Saudi Americans
- Scandinavian Americans
- Scots-Irish Americans
- Scottish Americans
- Seminole
- Seneca
- Serbian Americans
- Shawnee
- Shoshone
- Sicilian Americans
- Sioux
- Slovak Americans
- Slovene Americans
- Spanish Americans
- Spokane
- Sri Lankan Americans
- Swedish Americans
- Swiss Americans
- Syrian Americans
- Taiwanese Americans
- Thai Americans
- Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans
- Turkish Americans
- Ukrainian Americans
- Uruguayan Americans
- Ute
- Venezuelan Americans
- Vietnamese Americans
- Virgin Island Americans
- Wampanoag
- Welsh Americans
- West Indian Americans
- Wyandot
- Yakama
- Federal Government
- Armed Forces, U.S.
- Bureau of Indian Affairs
- Cabinet Secretaries
- Canal Zone
- Commission on Civil Rights, U.S.
- Congressional Black Caucus
- Congressional Hispanic Caucus
- Congressional Hispanic Conference
- Customs and Border Protection, U.S.
- Dillingham Commission (United States Immigration Commission)
- Environmental Protection Agency, U.S.
- Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, U.S.
- Executive Actions
- Freedmen's Bureau
- Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)
- House of Representatives, U.S.
- Immigration and Customs Enforcement, U.S.
- Indian Claims Commission
- Indian Health Service
- Minority Business Development Agency
- Presidency, U.S.
- Senate, U.S.
- Supreme Court, U.S.
- History
- American Dilemma, An
- Audacity of Hope, The Aztlán
- Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee
- Century of Dishonor, A
- Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto
- Different Mirror, A
- El Norte
- Occupied America: A History of Chicanos
- Other America, The Pan-Africanism
- Rage of a Privileged Class, The Reconstruction
- Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics, The Slave Revolts
- Souls of Black Folk, The Spanish Land Grants
- Uprooted, The White Supremacy
- Abolitionist Movement
- Alaska Purchase
- Alcatraz Island, Occupation of
- American Indian Movement
- Angel Island
- Asian American Movement
- Back to Africa Movement
- BiDil Controversy
- Black Hills Dispute and War
- Black Power Movement
- Boston Tea Party
- Brooklyn Dodgers
- César Chávez Day
- California Gold Rush
- Chicano Moratorium
- Chicano Movement
- Civil Rights Movement
- Columbus Day
- Creek Confederacy
- Declaration of Independence
- Election 2012 and the 2010 Census
- Ellis Island
- Emancipation
- Freedom Riders
- Freedom Schools
- Gadsden Purchase
- Gold Mountain
- Great Depression
- Great Migration
- Hate Crimes
- Hawai'i, Annexation of
- History/Heritage Months
- Holocaust, The
- Indian Casinos
- Indian Territory
- Indigenous People's Day
- Irish Potato Famine
- Iroquois Confederacy
- Japanese American Internment
- Juneteenth
- Kerner Commission Report
- Know-Nothing Movement
- Long Walk of the Navajo
- Louisiana Purchase
- Lynchings
- Manifest Destiny
- March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
- Martin Luther King, Jr. Day
- Mason-Dixon Line
- Middle Passage
- Million Man March
- Missouri Compromise (1820)
- Montgomery Bus Boycott
- Navajo-Hopi Land Dispute
- New Netherland
- Pan-Indianism
- Picture Brides
- Poll Taxes
- Powhatan Confederacy
- Protocol of Querétaro (1848)
- Race Riots
- Reservations, Native American
- Restrictive Covenant
- Slave Trade
- Slavery
- Spanish Missions
- St. Augustine
- Statue of Liberty
- Trail of Tears
- Tuskegee Syphilis Experiments
- Underground Railroad
- Wounded Knee Massacre and Incident
- Ybor City
- Yellow Peril
- Zionism
- Immigration, Naturalization, and Citizenship
- United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923)
- Adoption, Transnational/Transracial
- Amnesty
- Bracero Program
- Citizenship
- Coverture Laws
- Deportation (Repatriation)
- Displaced Persons Act (1948)
- DREAM Act
- Dual Citizenship
- Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (1996)
- Immigrants, Undocumented
- Immigration Acts
- Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)
- Immigration, Illegal
- Indian Citizenship Act (1924)
- Indigenous Transnationality
- Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act (1975)
- Mariel Boatlift
- Naturalization
- Naturalization Acts
- Operation Gatekeeper
- Operation Wetback
- Palmer Raids
- Philippine Independence Act (1934)
- Refugee Act (1980)
- Refugee Relief Act (1953)
- Refugees
- Repatriation Program
- Resident Aliens
- Sanctuary Movement
- War Refugee Board
- Intergroup Contact, Intermarriage, and Multiethnic Identity
- Loving v. Virginia (1967)
- Pérez v. Sharp (1948)
- Amerasian
- Anti-Miscegenation Laws
- Eurasian
- High Yellow
- Implicit Association Test
- Intercultural Communication
- Intercultural Communication Institute
- Intercultural Competence
- Interculturalism
- Intergroup Contact Theory
- Intermarriage Court Decisions
- Intermarriage Demographic Trends
- Intermarriage, History of
- Métis
- Mestizo
- Microaggressions/Microinequities
- Miscegenation
- Mixed-Race Americans
- Mulatto
- Multiracial Movement
- Pigmentocracy
- Quadroon
- Race Mixture in the United States (History)
- Raza Cósmica, La
- War Brides
- Intersections With Ethnicity
- Age and Ethnic Diversity
- Agriculture and Ethnic Diversity
- Art and Ethnic Diversity
- Baseball and Ethnic Diversity
- Basketball and Ethnic Diversity
- Boxing and Ethnic Diversity
- Class and Ethnic Diversity
- Classical Music and Ethnic Diversity
- Clothing and Ethnic Diversity
- Criminal Justice and Ethnic Diversity
- Cuisine and Ethnic Diversity
- Dance and Ethnic Diversity
- Disability and Ethnic Diversity
- Epidemiology and Ethnic Diversity
- Ethnopharmacology
- Family and Ethnic Diversity
- Feminism and Ethnic Diversity
- Folk Music and Ethnic Diversity
- Food Processing and Ethnic Diversity
- Football and Ethnic Diversity
- Gender/Sex and Ethnic Diversity
- Generations and Ethnic Diversity
- Health Disparities and Ethnic Diversity
- Jazz and Ethnic Diversity
- Law and Ethnic Diversity
- Literature and Ethnic Diversity
- Manufacturing and Ethnic Diversity
- Media Treatment of Ethnicity and Race
- Media, Ethnic
- Media, Ethnic Participation in
- Medicine and Ethnic Diversity
- Music and Ethnic Diversity
- Musical Theater and Ethnic Diversity
- Opera and Ethnic Diversity
- Politics and Ethnic Diversity
- Popular Music and Ethnic Diversity
- Public Health and Ethnic Diversity
- Religion and Ethnic Diversity
- Rock Music and Ethnic Diversity
- Science and Technology
- Sexual Orientation and Ethnic Diversity
- Soccer and Ethnic Diversity
- Sports and Ethnic Diversity
- Theater and Ethnic Diversity
- Track and Field and Ethnic Diversity
- Language
- http://GobiernoUSA.gov
- African American Vernacular English
- Algonquian Languages
- Algonquian-Speaking Tribes
- Bilingual Ballots
- Bilingualism
- Caló
- English Language: Ethnic and Regional Variations
- Epithets, Ethnic and Racial
- Estadounidismos
- Hate Speech
- Labels
- Language Brokers
- Language Usage in the United States
- Media, Foreign Language
- N _____ Word, The
- Native American Languages Acts
- Natualization Language Requirements
- Official English Movement
- Spanglish
- Speech Codes
- Telemundo
- Translators/Interpreters
- Tribal Enrollment
- Yiddish
- Laws, Treaties, and Court Decisions
- Brendale v. Confederated Tribes of the Yakima Nation (1989)
- California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians (1987)
- Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
- Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
- Fisher v. University of Texas (2013)
- Hernández v. Texas (1954)
- Irene Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia (1946)
- Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903)
- Montana v. United States (1981)
- Nishikawa v. Dulles (1958)
- Patterson v. Alabama (1935)
- Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
- Ricci v. DeStefano (2009)
- Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez (1978)
- Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
- Smith v. Allwright (1944)
- Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
- Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)
- Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (1971)
- Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
- Alien Land Laws
- American Indian–U.S. Government Treaties
- Arizona Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act (2010)
- Bill of Rights
- Black Codes
- California Propositions (187, 209, and 227)
- Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
- Civil Rights Acts
- Constitution, U.S.
- Constitutional Amendments
- Cuban Refugee Adjustment Act (1966)
- Dawes Act (1887)
- Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
- Federal Indian Trust
- Fort Laramie, Treaty of (1868)
- Fugitive Slave Acts
- Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)
- Grandfather Clauses
- Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of (1848)
- Hate Crimes Laws
- Homestead Act (1862)
- Indian Appropriation Acts
- Indian Child Welfare Act (1978)
- Indian Civil Rights Act (1968)
- Indian Removal Act (1830)
- Indian Reorganization Act (1934)
- Jim Crow Laws
- Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
- Scottsboro Boys Trials
- Servicemen's Readjustment Act (1944)
- Sleepy Lagoon Case
- Voting Rights Acts
- Wheeler-Howard Act (1934)
- Media
- Organizations and Institutions
- A. Philip Randolph Institute
- Alianza Hispano Americana
- All Indian Pueblo Council
- American Anti-Slavery Society
- American Colonization Society
- American Council for Polish Culture
- American G.I. Forum
- American Jewish Committee
- American Jewish Congress
- American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee
- American-Islamic Relations, Council on
- Ancient Order of Hibernians
- Anti-Defamation League
- Arab American Institute
- Armenian Network of America
- Aryan Nations
- Asiatic Exclusion League
- Association for the Study of African American Life and History
- Black Panther Party
- B'nai B'rith
- Brown Berets
- Chinese American Citizens Alliance
- Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association
- Congress of Racial Equality
- Cuban American National Foundation
- Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission
- Hadassah
- Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, U.S.
- Immigration History Research Center
- Iroquois Confederacy
- Japanese American Citizens League
- Jewish Federation
- Ku Klux Klan
- League of United Latin American Citizens
- Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund
- Mexican American Political Association
- Mexican American Youth Organization
- Museum of Tolerance
- NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund
- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
- National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials
- National Civil Rights Museum
- National Conference for Community and Justice
- National Congress of American Indians
- National Congress of Black Women
- National Council of Jewish Women
- National Council of La Raza
- National Council of Negro Women
- National Hispanic Media Coalition
- National Indian Youth Council
- National Museum of the American Indian
- National Negro Business League
- National Puerto Rican Forum
- National Rainbow Coalition/PUSH
- National Urban League
- Order Sons of Italy in America
- Organization of Chinese Americans
- Polish American Historical Association
- Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund
- Raza Unida, Partido de la
- Southern Christian Leadership Conference
- Southern Poverty Law Center
- Southwest Voter Registration Education Project
- Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
- Tomás Rivera Policy Institute
- United Farm Workers of America
- United Negro College Fund
- Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League
- World Jewish Congress
- Young Lords
- People (Groups)
- Popular Culture Image
- Abie's Irish Rose
- All in the Family
- Amos ‘n Andy Show, The
- Annie Hall
- Beloved
- Beulah Show, The
- Birth of a Nation, The
- Boyz N the Hood
- Call Northside 777
- Carmen Jones
- Chan Is Missing
- Cheyenne Autumn
- Cisco Kid, The
- Color Purple, The
- Cosby Show, The
- Dances With Wolves
- Deer Hunter, The
- Defiant Ones, The
- Deliverance
- Dirty Dancing
- Do the Right Thing
- Dora the Explorer
- Ebony
- El Norte
- Fences
- Flower Drum Song
- Funny Girl
- Gentleman's Agreement
- Giant
- Glory
- Go Tell It on the Mountain
- Godfather, The
- Goldbergs, The
- Gone With the Wind
- Gran Torino
- Guess Who's Coming to Dinner
- Help, The
- Home of the Brave
- House Made of Dawn
- I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
- I Love Lucy
- I Remember Mama
- I Spy
- Imitation of Life
- In the Heat of the Night
- In the Heights
- Jazz Singer, The
- Joy Luck Club, The
- Jungle, The
- Karate Kid, The
- La Bamba
- Last of the Mohicans, The
- Little Big Man
- Moonstruck
- Native Son
- On the Waterfront
- Oprah Winfrey Show, The
- Pawnbroker, The
- Pinky
- Pocahontas
- Porgy and Bess
- Raisin in the Sun, A
- Rocky
- Roots
- Sanford and Son
- Saturday Night Fever
- Scarface
- Searchers, The
- Seinfeld
- Sesame Street
- Shaft
- Show Boat
- Siege, The
- Sounder
- Stand and Deliver
- Stormy Weather
- Streetcar Named Desire, A
- Thriller
- To Kill a Mockingbird
- Tree Grows in Brooklyn, A
- Ugly Betty
- Uncle Tom's Cabin
- West Side Story
- Witness
- Woman Warrior, The
- Zoot Suit
- Academy Awards
- Black Entertainment Television
- Blackface
- Blaxploitation Films
- Chan, Charlie
- Desilu Productions
- Hollywood Film Music and Ethnic Diversity
- Mascots, Native American (Sports)
- Motion Picture Production Code
- Motown
- Univision
- Religion, Spirituality, and Ethnicity
- Abrahamic Religions
- African Methodist Episcopal Church
- Amana Colonies
- American Indian Religious Freedom Act (1978)
- Amish
- Anti-Semitism
- Beth Din
- Black Muslims
- Coptic Christian Americans
- Día de los Reyes Magos
- Gentiles
- Ghost Dance
- Halakha
- Halal
- Hijab
- Jehovah's Witnesses
- Jewish Americans
- Kirpan
- Kosher
- Mormons
- Muslim Americans
- Nation of Islam
- Native American Church
- Penitentes
- Qur'an
- Ramadan
- Santería
- Shaman
- Sharia
- Sikhs
- Yeshiva
- Wars and Revolution
- Korematsu v. United States (1944)
- 442nd Regimental Combat Team
- 65th Infantry Regiment
- Alamo, Battle of the
- American Revolution
- Anglo-Powhatan Wars
- Bay of Pigs Invasion
- Bear Flag Revolt
- Black Hills Dispute and War
- Buffalo Soldiers
- Camp Grant Massacre
- Cart War
- Civil War, U.S.
- Code Talkers
- El Paso Salt War
- Executive Order 8802 (1941)
- Executive Order 9066 (1942)
- Fallen Timbers, Battle of
- French and Indian War
- Great Sioux War
- Harpers Ferry Raid
- King Philip's War
- Little Bighorn, Battle of
- Lord Dunmore's War
- Mexican Revolution
- Mexican-American War
- Philippine-American War
- Pueblo Revolt (1680)
- Red River War
- San Jacinto, Battle of
- San Pascual, Battle of
- Sand Creek Massacre
- Seminole Wars
- Spanish-American War
- Taos Revolt
- Tecumseh's War
- Tuskegee Airmen
- Vietnam War
- War in Afghanistan and Iraq
- War of 1812
- Washita River, Battle of the
- World War I
- World War II
- Zoot Suit Riots
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