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Probability, Verbal Expressions of
Verbal expressions of probability are those used for communicating degrees of uncertainty, such as likely, very likely, possible, and uncertain, in contrast with numerical expressions, such as “The probability of X is 70%” or “The odds are 3 to 1.”
Correspondence between Verbal and Numerical Expressions
Since the 1960s, several authors have studied the equivalence between verbal and numerical expressions of probability. The typical experiment consists in selecting a set of linguistic expressions, asking a group of subjects to translate each one into a percentage or a number between 0 and 1, and building a table or a graph that summarizes the results. Most of such studies include expressions that do not represent probabilities in a strict sense.
Variability of Numerical Assignments
Several experiments have indicated low within-subject variability, ...
- Basis for Making the Decision
- Acceptability Curves and Confidence Ellipses
- Beneficence
- Bioethics
- Choice Theories
- Construction of Values
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- Certainty Equivalent
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- Conjoint Analysis
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- Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)
- Discounting
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- EuroQol (EQ-5D)
- Health Utilities Index Mark 2 and 3 (HUI2, HUI3)
- Healthy Years Equivalents
- Holistic Measurement
- Multi-Attribute Utility Theory
- Person Trade-Off
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- Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs)
- Quality-Adjusted Time Without Symptoms or Toxicity (Q-TWiST)
- SMARTS and SMARTER
- Split Choice
- Utilities for Joint Health States
- Utility Assessment Techniques
- Willingness to Pay
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- Artificial Neural Networks
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- Decisions Faced by Hospital Ethics Committees
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- Decisions Faced by Nongovernment Payers of Healthcare: Managed Care
- Decisions Faced by Patients: Primary Care
- Decisions Faced by Surrogates or Proxies for the Patient, Durable Power of Attorney
- Diagnostic Process, Making a Diagnosis
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- Evaluating and Integrating Research Into Clinical Practice
- Evidence Synthesis
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- Errors in Clinical Reasoning
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- Fuzzy-Trace Theory
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- Gambles
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- Intuition Versus Analysis
- Irrational Persistence in Belief
- Judgment
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- Learning and Memory in Medical Training
- Lens Model
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- Memory Reconstruction
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- Probability Errors
- Probability, Verbal Expressions of
- Problem Solving
- Procedural Invariance and Its Violations
- Prospect Theory
- Range-Frequency Theory
- Risk Attitude
- Risk Aversion
- Risk Communication
- Risk Perception
- Scaling
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- Social Judgment Theory
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- Support Theory
- Uncertainty in Medical Decisions
- Unreliability of Memory
- Value Functions in Domains of Gains and Losses
- Worldviews
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