Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux refers to the backward movement of stomach acid into the esophagus. When the reflux causes mucosal damage or physical symptoms, it is referred to as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This is a common disorder affecting 10% to 20% of the population in America. Certain lifestyle choices such as diet, weight, and postprandial body position can cause or exacerbate GERD symptoms. Therefore, simple lifestyle modifications should be the first-line treatment before implementing pharmacological treatment.

The lower esophageal sphincter (LES), a muscular valve, separates the esophagus and stomach. The LES remains closed except during the passage of food, preventing stomach acid from moving up the esophagus. When the LES is weakened or opens inappropriately, the stomach contents can pass through into the esophagus. The LES can ...