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Amnesty and Pardon
Scholars often consider amnesty and pardon to be universal and timeless phenomena. Whatever the characteristics of a legal system, the relative adherence to law, and the form of political regime, amnesty and pardon appear unchangeable practices. Amnesty is a law or prerogative that permits an official to declare forbearance for acts that would otherwise constitute a crime. In essence, it suggests that a crime has not occurred or it frees a class of suspects from all the consequences of criminal punishment. A pardon is a decision of the executive power that effaces some or all of the consequence of a crime, especially the execution of the sentence.
However, in reality the remission of sentences and punishments is not at all universal, because in the more interesting ...
- I. Biographies in Law and Society
- Aristotle (384–322 BCE)
- Arnold, Thurman W. (1891–1969)
- Aubert, Vilhelm (1922–1988)
- Baratta, Alessandro (1933–2002)
- Beccaria, Cesare (1738–1794)
- Bentham, Jeremy (1748–1832)
- Bentley, Arthur F. (1870–1957)
- Bobbio, Norberto (1909–2004)
- Bodin, Jean (1530–1596)
- Bourdieu, Pierre (1930–2002)
- Braudel, Fernand (1902–1986)
- Carbonnier, Jean (1908–2003)
- Cattaneo, Carlo (1801–1869)
- Cohen, Felix (1907–1953)
- Commons, John R. (1862–1945)
- Comte, Auguste (1798–1857)
- Derrida, Jacques (1930–2004)
- Duguit, Léon (1859–1928)
- Durkheim, Émile (1858–1917)
- Ehrlich, Eugen (1862–1922)
- Engels, Friedrich (1820–1895)
- Evans-Pritchard, Edward E. (1902–1973)
- Filangieri, Gaetano (1752–1788)
- Foucault, Michel (1926–1984)
- Frank, Jerome (1889–1957)
- Fuchs, Ernst (1859–1929)
- Fuller, Lon L. (1902–1978)
- Gadamer, Hans-Georg (1900–2002)
- Gall, François Joseph (1758–1828)
- Geiger, Theodor (1891–1952)
- Gierke, Otto von (1841–1921)
- Ginsberg, Morris (1889–1970)
- Gluckman, Max (1911–1975)
- Graziani, Augusto (1865–1938)
- Grotius, Hugo (1583–1645)
- Gumplowicz, Ludwig (1838–1909)
- Gurvitch, Georges (1894–1965)
- Hägerström, Axel (1868–1939)
- Haar, Barend ter (1892–1941)
- Halbwachs, Maurice (1877–1945)
- Hale, Robert Lee (1884–1969)
- Hauriou, Maurice (1856–1929)
- Hayek, Friedrich August von (1899–1992)
- Heidegger, Martin (1889–1976)
- Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679)
- Hoebel, E. Adamson (1906–1993)
- Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr. (1841–1935)
- Hostos, Eugenio María de (1839–1903)
- Hurst, J. Willard (1910–1997)
- Jellinek, Georg (1851–1911)
- Jhering, Rudolf von (1818–1892)
- Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804)
- Kantorowicz, Hermann (1877–1940)
- Kawashima, Takeyoshi (1909–1992)
- Kelsen, Hans (1881–1973)
- Kohlberg, Lawrence (1927–1987)
- Lévy-Bruhl, Henri (1884–1964)
- Lacassagne, Alexandre (1843–1924)
- Lambert, Edouard (1866–1947)
- Lasswell, Harold D. (1902–1978)
- List, Friedrich (1789–1846)
- Liszt, Franz von (1851–1919)
- Llewellyn, Karl (1893–1962)
- Locke, John (1632–1704)
- Lombroso, Cesare (1835–1909)
- Loria, Achille (1857–1943)
- Luhmann, Niklas (1927–1998)
- Ma Xiwu (1899–1962)
- Machiavelli, Niccolò (1469–1527)
- Maine, Henry Sumner (1822–1888)
- Malinowski, Bronislaw (1884–1942)
- Marx, Karl (1818–1883)
- McDougal, Myres S. (1906–1998)
- Menger, Anton (1841–1906)
- Menger, Carl (1840–1921)
- Merriam, Charles E. (1874–1953)
- Mills, C. Wright (1916–1962)
- Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de (1689–1755)
- Morgan, Lewis Henry (1818–1881)
- Mosca, Gaetano (1858–1941)
- Nussbaum, Arthur (1877–1964)
- Olivecrona, Karl (1897–1980)
- Olson, Mancur (1932–1998)
- Parsons, Talcott (1902–1979)
- Pashukanis, Evgeny B. (1891–1937)
- Petrazycki, Leon (1867–1931)
- Pigliaru, Antonio (1922–1969)
- Plato (428–347 BCE)
- Podgórecki, Adam (1925–1998)
- Polanyi, Karl (1886–1964)
- Pound, Roscoe (1870–1964)
- Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. (1881–1955)
- Rawls, John (1921–2002)
- Renner, Karl (1870–1950)
- Rheinstein, Max (1899–1977)
- Romano, Santi (1875–1947)
- Ross, Alf (1899–1979)
- Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712–1778)
- Saint-Simon, Henri (1760–1825)
- Savigny, Friedrich Carl von (1779–1861)
- Schelsky, Helmut (1912–1984)
- Schmitt, Carl (1888–1985)
- Schmoller, Gustav von (1838–1917)
- Smith, Adam (1723–1790)
- Sombart, Werner (1863–1941)
- Stigler, George J. (1911–1992)
- Sumner, William Graham (1840–1910)
- Sutherland, Edwin H. (1883–1950)
- Tönnies, Ferdinand (1855–1936)
- Tarde, Gabriel de (1843–1904)
- Tarello, Giovanni (1934–1987)
- Thurnwald, Richard (1869–1954)
- Timasheff, Nicholas S. (1886–1970)
- Tocqueville, Alexis de (1805–1859)
- Tomeo, Vincenzo (1930–1990)
- Treves, Renato (1907–1992)
- Vico, Giambattista (1688–1744)
- Vollenhoven, Cornelis van (1874–1933)
- Weber, Max (1864–1920)
- Westermarck, Edward (1862–1939)
- Wilson, Woodrow (1856–1924)
- Wolfgang, Marvin E. (1924–1998)
- Wollstonecraft, Mary (1759–1797)
- Zeisel, Hans (1905–1992)
- II. Law and Society Activities in Regions and Countries
- III. Law and Society Methodology and Research
- Centro Nazionale di Prevenzione e Difesa Sociale
- DGS Sektion Rechtssoziologie
- Dictionnaire Encyclopédique de Théorie et de Sociologie du Droit
- Red Latinoamericana de Antropología Jurídica
- Vereinigung für Rechtssoziologie
- Vereniging voor de Sociaal-Wetenschappelijke Bestudering van het Recht
- Agent-Based Models
- American Bar Foundation
- American Law and Economics Association
- American Psychology-Law Society
- American Society of Comparative Law
- American Society of Criminology
- Analysis of Variance
- APSA Law and Courts Section
- Association for Political and Legal Anthropology
- Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law
- Australian and New Zealand Society of Criminology
- Baldy Center for Law and Social Policy
- Bioeconomics
- British Society of Criminology
- Canadian Law and Economics Association
- Canadian Law and Society Association
- Causal Inference
- Center for the Study of Law and Society
- Cognitivism
- Comparative Criminal Justice
- Comparative Law
- Content Analysis
- Conversation Analysis
- Cost-Benefit Analysis
- Critical Feminist Theory
- Critical Race Feminist Theory
- Critical Race Theory
- Databases
- Deconstruction
- Determinism
- Durkheim School
- Ecological Inference
- Economic Models
- Empirical Research Strategies
- Entropy
- Essentialism
- Ethnomethodology
- European Association of Law and Economics
- European Association of Psychology and Law
- European Network on Law and Society
- Experiments, Randomized
- Factor Analysis
- Feminist Legal Studies
- Frankfurt School
- Free Law School
- Game Theory
- Institute for Law and Society
- Institute for Legal Studies
- Institutional Economics
- Instrumentalism
- Intent in Norms
- International Institute for the Sociology of Law (Oñati)
- International Society for Criminology
- Interpretivism
- Interviews
- IPSA Research Committee for Comparative Judicial Studies
- ISA Research Committee on Sociology of Law
- IUAES Commission on Folk Law and Legal Pluralism
- Jurisprudence of Interests, American
- Jurisprudence of Interests, European
- Kelsen and Legal Sociology
- Kohlberg and Moral Development
- Latin American Network on Law and Society
- Law and Society Association, The
- Literature, Law and
- Longitudinal Research
- Marxism
- Mathematical Modeling
- Morality and Law
- MPI for Social Anthropology Project Group Legal Pluralism
- Multivariate Analysis
- Narrative
- NSF Law and Social Science Program
- Observation, Participant
- Policy Sciences
- Positivism and Legal Science
- Postmodernism
- Pragmatism
- Praxeology
- Prediction Studies
- Program in Law and Public Affairs
- Queer Theory
- Questionnaires and Surveys
- Rational Choice and the Rational Actor
- Realism, American Legal
- Reification
- Relativism, Philosophical
- Reliability and Validity
- Rhetoric
- Sampling
- Scandinavian Research Council for Criminology
- Semiotics
- Socio-Legal Studies Association
- Sociological Jurisprudence
- Statistical Inference
- Structural Functionalism
- Thick Description
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
- Working Group on the Comparative Study of Legal Professions
- World Bank Thematic Group on Law and Justice Institutions
- IV. Demography of Law
- Aboriginal and Indigenous Peoples, Treatment of
- Abortion
- Adoption
- Affirmative Action Programs
- Aging
- Asylum, Refugees, and Immigration
- Caste
- Child Abuse
- Child Bride
- Children
- Cultural Identities
- Disabilities, People with
- Discrimination, Economics of
- Discrimination, Sociology of
- Divorce and Separation
- Elder Abuse
- Equality
- Eugenics
- European Integration
- Family Violence
- Female Infanticide
- Gender
- Genocide
- Group Defamation
- Gypsies and Travelers
- Hate Crimes
- Immigration and Citizenship
- Language Minorities
- Marriage and Civil Unions, Same-Sex
- Marriage and Informal Unions
- Nation Building
- North American Integration
- Poverty
- Race and Ethnicity
- Rape and Sexual Offenses
- Religious Minorities
- Sexual Harassment
- Sexual Orientation
- Social Status
- V. Sociology of Law
- Access to Justice
- Animal Rights
- Autonomy of Law
- Cause Lawyers
- Civil Disobedience
- Commodification
- Communications Revolution
- Communications Systems
- Comparative Legal Systems
- Conflict Pyramid
- Culture, Global Legal
- Culture, Legal
- Discretion in Legal Decision Making
- Education, Legal
- Ethics, Legal
- Functions of Law
- Gap Problem
- Globalization and Law in Everyday Life
- Government Lawyers
- Homelessness
- Honor
- Industrialization
- Informal Law
- Knowledge, Legal
- Labeling Theory
- Law Firms
- Lawyers
- Legitimation
- Mirror Theory
- Mixed Legal Systems
- Penetration of Law
- Politicians, Lawyers as
- Popular Culture and Law
- Professions, Developments in Legal
- Reciprocity
- Reflexive and Autopoietic Law
- Relativity, Legal
- Risk Society
- Sanctions
- Social Change and Law
- Social Conflict
- Socialization, Legal
- Sociological Theories of Law
- Sociology of Law
- Sports
- Symbols in Law
- Technology, Legal Practice and New
- Trade Unions
- Transplants, Colonization as Legal
- Transplants, Legal Borrowing and Reception as
- Transplants, Legal Exports as
- Urbanization
- Visual Communication in and about Law
- Voluntary Acts, Sociology of
- VI. Anthropology of Law
- Aboriginal and Indigenous Peoples, Legal Systems of
- Alternative Law
- Anthropology of Law
- Apology and Pardon
- Bride Burning
- Bride Capture
- Colonialism
- Conciliation
- Conflict
- Cultural Defense
- Custom and Law
- Customary Legal Norms
- Customary Legal Norms in India
- Dispute Avoidance
- Dispute Resolution, Alternative
- Dowry Customs
- Evolution, Social and Legal
- Female Genital Mutilation
- Gift Exchange
- Incest
- Inheritance, Customs of
- Kingship and Chieftaincy
- Kinship
- Land Tenure, Customs of
- Language, Law and
- Matrimonial Prestation
- Mediation
- Mediation in China
- Negotiation
- Pluralism, Legal
- Polygamy
- Private Legal Systems
- Relativism, Cultural
- Slavery
- Social Norms, Emergence of
- Son Preference
- Violence and Justice
- Witchcraft
- Wrongs, Customs of
- VII. Law and Economics
- Auction Theory
- Behavioral Economics
- Binary Economics
- Chicago School of Law and Economics
- Coase Theorem
- Competition
- Economic Development, Law and
- Economics, Law and
- Efficiency
- Evolutionary Economics
- Externalities and Social Costs
- Functional Law and Economics
- Inequality, Economic
- Information
- Market Failure
- Markets
- Monopoly
- Normative Economics
- Privatization
- Public Choice
- Resource Allocation
- Risk
- Social Choice and Judicial Decision Making
- Socioeconomics
- Transaction Costs
- Utility Maximization
- Value
- Waste
- VIII. Law and Political Science
- Administrative Decentralization
- Administrative Law and Agencies, Economics of
- Administrative Law and Agencies, Politics of
- Administrative Law and Agency Accountability
- Apology in Court
- Appellate Courts
- Arbitration, International
- Arbitration, National
- Arms Control
- Authoritarian Regimes and Courts
- Chinese Legalist School
- Civil Liberties
- Communitarianism
- Constitutional Courts
- Constitutional Law, Doctrinal Issues in
- Constitutional Law, Economics of
- Constitutional Law, Politics of
- Constitutionalism, Supranational
- Corruption
- Court Administration and Reform
- Court Caseload Statistics
- Courts
- Courts, Lawmaking by
- Courts, Supranational
- Cultural Heritage and Patrimony
- Customary Legal Norms, International
- Deregulation
- Elections
- Experts, Use in Civil Courts
- Expression, Freedom of
- Geography, Law and
- Globalization, Governance, and Democratic Participation
- Globalization, Nongovernmental
- Globalization, Processes of Judicial
- Globalization, Processes of Legislative
- Globalization, Resistance to Economic
- Harmonization, Legal
- Hindu Law
- Human Rights, Asian Perspectives on
- Human Rights, International
- Ideology, Law and
- Individualism
- International Courts
- International Trade
- Interpretation and Reasoning, Legal
- Islamic Law
- Judges
- Judges, Associations of
- Judicial Activism
- Judicial Decision Making
- Judicial Independence
- Judicial Inefficiency and Delay
- Judicial Politicization
- Judicial Selection
- Juries
- Lay Judges
- Legislatures and Lawmaking
- Legitimacy
- Litigiousness, Civil
- Nationalism
- Nongovernmental Organizations
- Ombudsperson
- People's Courts
- Political Dissent
- Political Participation and Rights
- Political Science, Law and
- Positive Law
- Power, Law and
- Privacy
- Regulatory Unreasonableness
- Religion, Law and
- Reparations for Past Harms
- Revolution, Law and
- Rule of Law
- Settlement
- Social Contract
- Socialist Justice
- Sovereignty and Jurisdiction
- State, Government, and Legal Order
- State, Law and the
- Talmudic Law
- Transparency
- Trials, Civil
- Truth Commissions
- War Crimes
- IX. Psychology and Law
- Attitude Formation and Change
- Attitudes and Behavior
- Compliance with Law
- Confessions and Interrogation
- Cultural Psychology
- Dementia
- Dispute Resolution, Psychology of
- Edgework
- Evolutionary Psychology
- Eyewitness Identification
- Investigative Psychology
- Juries, Psychology of
- Lie Detection
- Mental Disorders
- Moral Development
- Neuroscience and Law
- Obedience
- Procedural Justice
- Profiling
- Psychobiology of Crime
- Psychology and Law
- Psychology, Use in Courts
- Psychopathy and Sociopathy
- Public Opinion and Legal Consciousness
- Punishment, Psychology of
- Repressed Memory
- Therapeutic Jurisprudence
- Voluntary Acts, Psychology of
- Witness Testimony, Psychology of
- X. Criminology
- Amnesty and Pardon
- Consensual Penal Resolution
- Constitutive Criminology
- Crime Statistics
- Crime Trends
- Crime, Economics of
- Crime, International Response to
- Crime, Theories of the Definition of
- Criminology
- Critical Criminology
- Cybercrime
- Death Penalty
- Decriminalization
- Defense Lawyers
- Drugs, Criminology of Illegal
- Drugs, Economics of Illegal
- Emotions and Criminal Justice
- Environmental Crime
- Firearms, Use and Control of
- Forensic Experts
- Fraud
- Gambling
- Gangs
- Gangs, Female
- Genes and Crime
- Homicide
- Insanity and Crime
- Integrative Criminology
- International Criminal Tribunals
- Juvenile Crime, Courts, and Corrections
- Legal Aid, Criminal
- Legality and Discretion
- Lustration
- Mafia and Organized Crime
- Mass Murder
- Military Justice
- Parole
- Penal Court Procedures, Doctrinal Issues in
- Plea Bargaining
- Plea Bargaining, Economics of
- Police
- Political Crimes
- Pornography
- Preventive Incarceration
- Prisons and Jails, Criminology of
- Prisons and Jails, Economics of
- Prosecutorial Discretion
- Prosecutors
- Prostitution, Criminology of
- Prostitution, Economics of
- Punishment and Sentencing Alternatives
- Punishment, Economics of
- Restorative Justice
- Serial Killers
- Sex Offenders
- Situational Crime
- Terrorism
- Theft and Burglary
- Torture
- Transitional Justice in Asia and Latin America
- Transitional Justice in Post-Communist Nations
- Treatment and Rehabilitation
- Trials, Criminal
- Victimology and Victim Services
- Victims' Rights
- White-Collar Crime
- White-Collar Crime, Criminology of
- XI. Legal Subjects
- Agrarian Reform
- AIDS and HIV
- Alcohol
- Business Associations, Doctrinal Issues in
- Business Associations, Economics of
- Business Associations, Sociology of
- Business Bankruptcy
- Civil Court Procedures, Doctrinal Issues in
- Civil Court Procedures, Economics of
- Civil Court Procedures, Sociology of
- Consumer Bankruptcy, Doctrinal Issues in
- Consumer Bankruptcy, Economics of
- Consumer Bankruptcy, Sociology of
- Consumer Transactions
- Contracts, Doctrinal Issues in
- Contracts, Economics of
- Environmental Law, Doctrinal Issues in
- Environmental Law, Economics of
- Environmental Law, Sociology of
- Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide
- Evidence and Proof, Doctrinal Issues in
- Evidence and Proof, Economics of
- Evidence and Proof, Scientific
- Evidence and Proof, Sociology and Psychology of
- Family Relationships, Doctrinal Issues in
- Family Relationships, Economics of
- Family Relationships, Islamic Law of
- Family Relationships, Sociology of
- Financial Services Regulation
- Food Biotechnology
- Genomics and Human Genetics
- Health
- Human Resource Management
- Inheritance and Succession, Doctrinal Issues in
- Inheritance and Succession, Islamic Law of
- Inheritance and Succession, Sociology of
- Injury to Persons, Property, and Relations, Doctrinal Issues in
- Injury to Persons, Property, and Relations, Economics of
- Injury to Persons, Property, and Relations, Sociology of
- Insurance and Risk
- Intellectual Property, Doctrinal Issues in
- Intellectual Property, Economics of
- Intellectual Property, Sociology of
- Internet Law
- Labor Law and Industrial Relations
- Labor Law, Economics of
- Labor Law, Sociology of
- Mass Torts
- Nuclear Power
- Organ Transplants
- Property, Doctrinal Issues in
- Property, Economics of
- Property, Sociology of
- Securities Regulation and Financial Markets, Sociology and Politics of
- Securities Regulation, Economics of
- Taxes, Doctrinal Issues in
- Taxes, Economics of
- Taxes, Sociology of
- Tobacco
- Welfare
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