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Appendix B: Journalism Freedom: 1980–2008 (Country Ratings from Freedom House) - Turkmenistan
Population (2010, proj.): 5,177,000
Gross National Income per Capita (current, 2000): $650
Date of Independence: October 27, 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
Date of Last Constitution: May 18, 1992
Press repression here resembles that of the former Soviet Union. The government retains a monopoly over all media services, and foreign publications are banned as well. Attacks on journalists are fairly ...
- Audience
- Academic Accreditation
- African American News Media
- Agenda Setting
- Advertising
- Access to Media
- Anchors, Television
- Access to Media
- Business Magazines
- Distribution, Online
- ABC News
- Agence France-Presse
- Agriculture Journalism, Electronic
- Atlanta
- Africa, North
- Advocacy Newspapers
- Blogs and Bloggers
- Academic Associations
- Advocacy Groups
- Agenda Setting
- ABC News
- Automation
- ABC News
- About the Volume Editor
- Introduction
- Introduction
- Introduction
- Audience Research
- Introduction
- Introduction
- Notes to the User
- Audience Research
- Academic Associations
- Asian American News Media
- Books as Journalism
- Antitrust
- Advertorials
- Cartoonists, Political
- Antitrust
- Celebrity and Fan Magazines
- Documentaries, Motion Picture
- Air America
- Associated Press
- Agriculture Journalism, Print
- Baltimore
- Africa, Sub-Saharan
- Alternative and Underground Newspapers
- Chat Rooms
- Archives and Museums
- Cartoonists, Political
- Automation
- Agriculture Journalism, Electronic
- Blogs and Bloggers
- Agriculture Journalism, Electronic
- Volume Introduction
- Constitutional Amendments
- General Professional Associations
- Accreditation Standards in Journalism Education
- Introduction
- The Pulitzer Prizes
- Afghanistan
- Acknowledgments
- Audience Research Companies
- Advocacy Groups
- Diversity: Content
- Comparative Models of Journalism
- Circulation, Controlled
- Antitrust
- Columns and Columnists
- Censorship
- Newsweekly Magazines
- Film in Television News
- Al Arabiya
- Audio and Video News Services
- Business Journalism
- Boston
- Agence France-Presse
- Broadsheet Newspapers
- Classified Advertising
- Audience Research Companies
- Congress and Journalism
- Diffusion
- Air America
- Cables, Undersea
- Anchors, Television
- Antigovernment Issues and National Security
- General Broadcast Organizations
- Journalism White Papers on Changes in Education and Media
- Public Opinion
- General Journalism Awards
- Albania
- Section 1. General Reference
- Circulation, Controlled
- Archives and Museums
- Diversity: Employment
- Education, Journalism
- Diversity: Policy
- Bandwagon Journalism
- Commentators, Radio
- Copyright
- Photo Magazines
- Motion Pictures, Journalism in
- Al Jazeera
- Bloomberg
- Citizen Journalism
- Chicago
- Arab Countries
- Free Newspapers
- Computers in Journalism
- Consultants, News
- Election Coverage
- Digital Journalism Tools
- Audio and Video News Services
- Cable Television
- British Broadcasting Corporation
- Clear and Present Danger Speech
- Print Organizations
- Schools of Journalism: Values and Curriculum
- Internet Impact on Media
- Specialized Journalism Awards
- Algeria
- Section 2. History
- Mass Media, Decline of
- Criticism of Journalism
- Diversity: Policy
- Framing
- Employment
- Bias
- Commentators, Television
- Diversity: Policy
- Quality and Opinion Magazines
- Newsreels
- Al-Manar
- Clipping Services
- Civic Journalism
- Dallas–Ft. Worth
- Asia, Central, South, and East
- Student Journalism
- Convergence
- Editors' Organizations
- Equal Time
- Distribution
- British Broadcasting Corporation
- Chat Rooms
- British Broadcasting Regulation
- Prior Restraint
- Interactive Media Organizations
- Further Readings
- Newsroom Diversity
- Electronic Journalism Awards
- Andorra
- Section 3. Technology
- News Audiences, Decline of
- Education, Journalism
- Émigré News Media
- Free Expression, History of
- Internet Impact on Media
- Blacklisting
- Editors
- Federal Communications Commission
- Scholarly Journals
- British Broadcasting Corporation
- Digital Media Europe
- Civil Unrest, Coverage of
- Denver
- Australia
- Tabloid Newspapers
- Desktop Publishing
- Electronic Media Organizations
- First Amendment
- Distribution, Online
- British Broadcasting Regulation
- Computers in Journalism
- British Commercial News Broadcasting
- Libel Issues
- News Wire Services
- Journalism Employment/Careers
- Photography and Editorial Cartooning Awards
- Angola
- Section 4. Journalism Business and Process
- Polls and Public Opinion
- Foundations, Research Centers, and Institutes
- Ethnic Minority Networks
- Gatekeeping
- Joint Operating Agreements
- Censorship
- Foreign Correspondents, Electronic
- First Amendment
- Trade Magazines
- Cable News
- Dow Jones
- Columns and Columnists
- Houston
- British Broadcasting Corporation
- Weekly Newspapers
- Digital Journalism Tools
- Foundations, Research Centers, and Institutes
- Freedom of Information Act
- Editing, Newspaper
- British Commercial News Broadcasting
- Convergence
- Cable Television
- Privacy Protection
- Further Readings
- Key Trends in Journalism
- Antigua And Barbuda
- Section 5. News Categories
- Media Accountability Systems
- Feminist News Media
- Hard Versus Soft News
- Labor Unions
- Checkbook Journalism
- Foreign Correspondents, Print
- Freedom of Information Act
- Women's Magazines
- CBS News
- Feature Syndicates
- Comics
- Kansas City
- British Broadcasting Regulation
- Discussion Boards
- International Journalism Organizations
- Government, Federal, Coverage of
- Editing, Online and Digital
- CBS News
- Desktop Publishing
- CBS News
- Access to Public Records
- Reporting Specializations
- Further Readings
- Argentina
- Section 6. Political Communication
- News Councils
- Gay and Lesbian Journalism
- History of Journalism: Before 1861
- Marketing
- Copyright
- Interviewers
- Free Press and Fair Trial
- Chinese Television
- Gannett
- Congress and Journalism
- Los Angeles
- British Commercial News Broadcasting
- Distribution, Online
- Investigative Journalism Organizations
- Government, State and Local, Coverage, of
- Electronic News Gathering
- Commentators, Radio
- Digital Journalism Tools
- Commentators, Television
- Reporter's Privilege to Withhold Information
- Armenia
- Section 7. Journalists
- Scholarly Journals
- Gay and Lesbian News Media
- History of Journalism: 1861–1930
- Media Ownership
- Credibility
- Investigative Reporters
- Gag Orders
- Deutsche Welle
- Havas
- Crime and the Courts
- Miami
- British Literary Journalism
- Editing, Online and Digital
- Labor Unions
- News Conferences
- Framing
- Community Radio
- Digital Photography
- Digital Television
- Intellectual Property Protection
- Australia
- Section 8. Regulation, Ethics, and Critique
- Student Journalism
- Latino News Media
- History of Journalism: 1930–1995
- Newspaper Preservation Act
- Deception
- Newscasters, Radio
- Images, Ownership of
- Ethnic Minority Networks
- International News Service
- Criticism and Critics
- Milwaukee
- British Magazines
- Internet Impact on Media
- News Councils
- Political Action Committees
- Freelance Writers and Stringers
- Digital Sound
- Digital Sound
- Docudrama
- Regulating Electronic Media
- Austria
- Section 9. Audiences
- Native American News Media
- History of Journalism: 1995 to Present
- Diversity: Content
- Photo Editors
- Indecency and Obscenity
- EuroNews
- New China (Xinhua) News Agency
- Diversity: Content
- Minneapolis–St. Paul
- British New Media
- News Aggregators
- Photo Agencies
- Political Reporters
- Graphics
- Electronic Media Organizations
- Digital Television
- Documentaries, Television
- Further Readings
- Azerbaijan
- Section 10. Global and Comparative Journalism
- Race and Ethnicity, Coverage of
- Infotainment
- Diversity: Employment
- Photojournalists
- International and Comparative Journalism Law
- Fox News
- PanAfrican News Agency
- Docudrama
- New York
- British Newspapers
- Podcasting
- Publishers' Organizations
- Presidential Families, Coverage of
- Labor Unions
- Equal Time
- Discussion Boards
- Electronic Media Organizations
- Bahamas
- Section 11. Journalism Periodicals
- Women in Journalism
- Internet Impact on Media
- Embedded Reporters
- Political Reporters
- Libel
- Mutual Broadcasting System
- Photo Agencies
- Documentaries, Motion Picture
- New York Times, The
- British Press Regulation
- Reporters, Online
- Reporters' Organizations
- Presidential Scandals, Coverage of
- Layout
- Federal Communications Commission
- Distribution, Online
- Electronic Newsgathering
- Bahrain
- Section 12. A Library User's Guide for Journalism and Mass Communication Subjects
- Women's Magazines
- Mass Media, Decline of
- Ethics
- Producers
- Media Accountability Systems
- National Public Radio
- Reuters
- Documentaries, Television
- Philadelphia
- British Tabloid Press
- Social Network Websites
- Special Interest Journalism Organizations
- Presidents, Coverage of
- Magazine Design
- Foreign Correspondents, Electronic
- Electronic News Gathering
- Equal Time
- Bangladesh
- Muckrakers
- First Amendment
- Publishers
- News Councils
- NBC News
- TASS and Russian News Agencies
- Editorials
- Publick Occurrences
- Canada
- Streaming Media
- U.S. International Communications
- Press and Government Relations
- News Hole
- Mutual Broadcasting System
- Facsimile
- Evening News, Television
- Barbados
- New Journalism
- Free Press and Fair Trial
- Reporters, Online
- Newspaper Preservation Act
- Public Broadcasting Service
- United Press International
- Education, Coverage of
- San Francisco
- Central America and the Caribbean
- Audio and Video News Services
- Press Pools
- News Syndication
- National Public Radio
- Graphics
- Facsimile
- Belarus
- News as Narrative
- Indecency and Obscenity
- Reporters, Print
- Newsroom Culture
- Star News (Asia)
- Wolff
- Entertainment Journalism
- Stars and Stripes
- China
- Satirists, Political
- Newspaper Design
- NBC News
- Internet Impact on Media
- Foreign Correspondents, Electronic
- Belgium
- News Audiences, Decline of
- Infotainment
- Reporters, Radio
- Privacy
- Environmental Journalism
- St. Louis
- Comparative Models of Journalism
- Spin
- Newsprint
- Newscasters, Radio
- News Aggregators
- Fox News
- Belize
- Newsroom Culture
- Juvenile Offenders, Coverage of
- Reporters, Television
- Self-Regulation
- Food Journalism
- USA Today
- Development Journalism
- Supreme Court and Journalism
- Printing
- Pacifica Radio
- Newsprint
- Morning News
- Benin
- News Values
- Libel
- Satirists, Political
- Shield Law
- Globalization, Coverage of
- Wall Street Journal, The
- English Roots of the Free Press
- Washington, D.C.
- Recording
- Podcasting
- Photography
- National Public Radio
- Bhutan
- Objectivity
- Media Accountability Systems
- Sportscasters, Radio
- Sunshine Law
- Government, Federal Coverage of
- Washington, D.C.
- Europe
- Satellite News Gathering
- Public Radio Journalism
- Podcasting
- NBC News
- Bolivia
- Parody of News
- Media Literacy
- Sportscasters, Television
- Supreme Court and Journalism
- Government, State and Local, Coverage of
- France
- Sound Bites
- Recording
- Printing
- Producers
- Bosnia And Herzegovina
- Satire of News
- Military and the Media
- Sportswriters
- Health and Medicine Journalism
- Free Flow of Information
- Reporters, Radio
- Recording
- Public Broadcasting Service
- Botswana
- Social Movements and Journalism
- News Syndication
- War Correspondents
- Hoaxes
- Germany
- Rip-and-Read News
- Satellite News Gathering
- Public Television Journalism
- Brazil
- Theories of Journalism
- Objectivity
- Human Interest Journalism
- Globalization, Coverage of
- Shortwave Radio
- Shortwave Radio
- Reporters, Television
- Brunei Darussalam
- Plagiarism
- Immigration, Coverage of
- Havas
- Simulcasting
- Streaming Media
- Satellite News Gathering
- Bulgaria
- Press Pools
- Innovation Journalism
- Hong Kong
- Sportscasters, Radio
- Telegraph
- Simulcasting
- Burkina Faso
- Privacy
- International Journalism
- India
- Streaming Media
- Telephone
- Sound Bites
- Burundi
- Professionalism
- Investigative Journalism
- International Herald Tribune
- Talk and News Radio
- Teletype
- Sportscasters, Television
- Cambodia
- Risk and News
- Labor Journalism
- International Journalism
- Type and Typography
- Streaming Media
- Cameroon
- Secrecy and Leaks
- Letters to the Editor
- Israel
- Videotex and Teletext
- Tabloid Television
- Canada
- Sound Bites
- Lifestyle Journalism
- Japan
- Television News Magazines
- Capeverde
- Spin
- Literary Journalism
- Mexico
- Video News Release
- Central African Republic
- Video News Releases
- Maps in Journalism
- New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO)
- Videotex and Teletext
- Chad
- Violence Against Journalists
- Natural Disasters, Coverage of
- Pacific Area
- Chile
- Obituaries
- PanAfrican News Agency
- China
- Op-Ed Page
- Reuters
- Colombia
- Peace Journalism
- Russian Federation
- Comoros
- Poverty, Coverage of
- Scandinavia
- Congo, Republic Of
- Precision Journalism
- Singapore
- Costa Rica
- Presidential Families, Coverage of
- South America
- Cote D'Ivoire
- Presidential Scandals, Coverage of
- Star News (Asia)
- Croatia
- Presidents, Coverage of
- TASS and Russian News Agencies
- Cuba
- Race and Ethnicity, Coverage of
- U.S. International Communication
- Cyprus
- Religion Journalism
- Wolff
- Czech Republic
- Science and Technology Journalism
- Democratic Republic Of The Congo
- Sensationalism
- Denmark
- Sports Journalism
- Djibouti
- Terrorism, Coverage of
- Dominica
- Travel Journalism
- Dominican Republic
- War and Military Journalism
- Ecuador
- Weather Journalism
- Egypt
- El Salvador
- Equatorial Guinea
- Eritrea
- Estonia
- Ethiopia
- Fiji
- Finland
- France
- Gabon
- Gambia
- Georgia
- Germany
- Ghana
- Greece
- Grenada
- Guatemala
- Guinea
- Guinea-Bissau
- Guyana
- Haiti
- Honduras
- Hong Kong
- Hungary
- Iceland
- India
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Iraq
- Ireland
- Israel
- Italy
- Jamaica
- Japan
- Jordan
- Kazakhstan
- Kenya
- Kiribati
- Kuwait
- Kyrgyzstan
- Laos
- Latvia
- Lebanon
- Lesotho
- Liberia
- Libya
- Liechtenstein
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Macedonia
- Madagascar
- Malawi
- Malaysia
- Maldives
- Mali
- Malta
- Marshall Islands
- Mauritania
- Mauritius
- Mexico
- Micronesia
- Moldova
- Monaco
- Mongolia
- Morocco
- Mozambique
- Myanmar (Burma)
- Namibia
- Nauru
- Nepal
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Nicaragua
- Niger
- Nigeria
- North Korea
- Norway
- Oman
- Pakistan
- Palau
- Panama
- Papua New Guinea
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Philippines
- Poland
- Portugal
- Qatar
- Romania
- Russian Federation
- Rwanda
- Saint Kitts And Nevis
- Saint Lucia
- Saint Vincent And The Grenadines
- Samoa
- San Marino
- Sao Tome And Principe
- Saudi Arabia
- Senegal
- Serbia And Montenegro
- Seychelles
- Sierra Leone
- Singapore
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Solomon Islands
- Somalia
- South Africa
- South Korea
- Spain
- Sri Lanka
- Sudan
- Suriname
- Swaziland
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Syrian Arab Republic
- Taiwan
- Tajikistan
- Tanzania
- Thailand
- Timor-Leste
- Togo
- Tonga
- Trinidad And Tobago
- Tunisia
- Turkey
- Turkmenistan
- Tuvalu
- Uganda
- Ukraine
- United Arab Emirates
- United Kingdom
- United States Of America
- Uruguay
- Uzbekistan
- Vanuatu
- Venezuela
- Vietnam
- West Bank And Gaza Strip
- Yemen
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
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