Entry
Reader's guide
Entries A-Z
Subject index
Appendix B: Journalism Freedom: 1980–2008 (Country Ratings from Freedom House) - Madagascar
Population (2010, proj.): 20,146,000
Gross National Income per Capita (current, 2007): $320
Date of Independence: June 26, 1960 (from France)
Date of Last Constitution: August 19, 1992
The island nation of Madagascar, off the southeast African coast, has news media partially muzzled by strict libel laws limiting criticism of government officials or policies. Journalists are poorly paid and thus ...
- Audience
- Academic Accreditation
- African American News Media
- Agenda Setting
- Advertising
- Access to Media
- Anchors, Television
- Access to Media
- Business Magazines
- Distribution, Online
- ABC News
- Agence France-Presse
- Agriculture Journalism, Electronic
- Atlanta
- Africa, North
- Advocacy Newspapers
- Blogs and Bloggers
- Academic Associations
- Advocacy Groups
- Agenda Setting
- ABC News
- Automation
- ABC News
- About the Volume Editor
- Introduction
- Introduction
- Introduction
- Audience Research
- Introduction
- Introduction
- Notes to the User
- Audience Research
- Academic Associations
- Asian American News Media
- Books as Journalism
- Antitrust
- Advertorials
- Cartoonists, Political
- Antitrust
- Celebrity and Fan Magazines
- Documentaries, Motion Picture
- Air America
- Associated Press
- Agriculture Journalism, Print
- Baltimore
- Africa, Sub-Saharan
- Alternative and Underground Newspapers
- Chat Rooms
- Archives and Museums
- Cartoonists, Political
- Automation
- Agriculture Journalism, Electronic
- Blogs and Bloggers
- Agriculture Journalism, Electronic
- Volume Introduction
- Constitutional Amendments
- General Professional Associations
- Accreditation Standards in Journalism Education
- Introduction
- The Pulitzer Prizes
- Afghanistan
- Acknowledgments
- Audience Research Companies
- Advocacy Groups
- Diversity: Content
- Comparative Models of Journalism
- Circulation, Controlled
- Antitrust
- Columns and Columnists
- Censorship
- Newsweekly Magazines
- Film in Television News
- Al Arabiya
- Audio and Video News Services
- Business Journalism
- Boston
- Agence France-Presse
- Broadsheet Newspapers
- Classified Advertising
- Audience Research Companies
- Congress and Journalism
- Diffusion
- Air America
- Cables, Undersea
- Anchors, Television
- Antigovernment Issues and National Security
- General Broadcast Organizations
- Journalism White Papers on Changes in Education and Media
- Public Opinion
- General Journalism Awards
- Albania
- Section 1. General Reference
- Circulation, Controlled
- Archives and Museums
- Diversity: Employment
- Education, Journalism
- Diversity: Policy
- Bandwagon Journalism
- Commentators, Radio
- Copyright
- Photo Magazines
- Motion Pictures, Journalism in
- Al Jazeera
- Bloomberg
- Citizen Journalism
- Chicago
- Arab Countries
- Free Newspapers
- Computers in Journalism
- Consultants, News
- Election Coverage
- Digital Journalism Tools
- Audio and Video News Services
- Cable Television
- British Broadcasting Corporation
- Clear and Present Danger Speech
- Print Organizations
- Schools of Journalism: Values and Curriculum
- Internet Impact on Media
- Specialized Journalism Awards
- Algeria
- Section 2. History
- Mass Media, Decline of
- Criticism of Journalism
- Diversity: Policy
- Framing
- Employment
- Bias
- Commentators, Television
- Diversity: Policy
- Quality and Opinion Magazines
- Newsreels
- Al-Manar
- Clipping Services
- Civic Journalism
- Dallas–Ft. Worth
- Asia, Central, South, and East
- Student Journalism
- Convergence
- Editors' Organizations
- Equal Time
- Distribution
- British Broadcasting Corporation
- Chat Rooms
- British Broadcasting Regulation
- Prior Restraint
- Interactive Media Organizations
- Further Readings
- Newsroom Diversity
- Electronic Journalism Awards
- Andorra
- Section 3. Technology
- News Audiences, Decline of
- Education, Journalism
- Émigré News Media
- Free Expression, History of
- Internet Impact on Media
- Blacklisting
- Editors
- Federal Communications Commission
- Scholarly Journals
- British Broadcasting Corporation
- Digital Media Europe
- Civil Unrest, Coverage of
- Denver
- Australia
- Tabloid Newspapers
- Desktop Publishing
- Electronic Media Organizations
- First Amendment
- Distribution, Online
- British Broadcasting Regulation
- Computers in Journalism
- British Commercial News Broadcasting
- Libel Issues
- News Wire Services
- Journalism Employment/Careers
- Photography and Editorial Cartooning Awards
- Angola
- Section 4. Journalism Business and Process
- Polls and Public Opinion
- Foundations, Research Centers, and Institutes
- Ethnic Minority Networks
- Gatekeeping
- Joint Operating Agreements
- Censorship
- Foreign Correspondents, Electronic
- First Amendment
- Trade Magazines
- Cable News
- Dow Jones
- Columns and Columnists
- Houston
- British Broadcasting Corporation
- Weekly Newspapers
- Digital Journalism Tools
- Foundations, Research Centers, and Institutes
- Freedom of Information Act
- Editing, Newspaper
- British Commercial News Broadcasting
- Convergence
- Cable Television
- Privacy Protection
- Further Readings
- Key Trends in Journalism
- Antigua And Barbuda
- Section 5. News Categories
- Media Accountability Systems
- Feminist News Media
- Hard Versus Soft News
- Labor Unions
- Checkbook Journalism
- Foreign Correspondents, Print
- Freedom of Information Act
- Women's Magazines
- CBS News
- Feature Syndicates
- Comics
- Kansas City
- British Broadcasting Regulation
- Discussion Boards
- International Journalism Organizations
- Government, Federal, Coverage of
- Editing, Online and Digital
- CBS News
- Desktop Publishing
- CBS News
- Access to Public Records
- Reporting Specializations
- Further Readings
- Argentina
- Section 6. Political Communication
- News Councils
- Gay and Lesbian Journalism
- History of Journalism: Before 1861
- Marketing
- Copyright
- Interviewers
- Free Press and Fair Trial
- Chinese Television
- Gannett
- Congress and Journalism
- Los Angeles
- British Commercial News Broadcasting
- Distribution, Online
- Investigative Journalism Organizations
- Government, State and Local, Coverage, of
- Electronic News Gathering
- Commentators, Radio
- Digital Journalism Tools
- Commentators, Television
- Reporter's Privilege to Withhold Information
- Armenia
- Section 7. Journalists
- Scholarly Journals
- Gay and Lesbian News Media
- History of Journalism: 1861–1930
- Media Ownership
- Credibility
- Investigative Reporters
- Gag Orders
- Deutsche Welle
- Havas
- Crime and the Courts
- Miami
- British Literary Journalism
- Editing, Online and Digital
- Labor Unions
- News Conferences
- Framing
- Community Radio
- Digital Photography
- Digital Television
- Intellectual Property Protection
- Australia
- Section 8. Regulation, Ethics, and Critique
- Student Journalism
- Latino News Media
- History of Journalism: 1930–1995
- Newspaper Preservation Act
- Deception
- Newscasters, Radio
- Images, Ownership of
- Ethnic Minority Networks
- International News Service
- Criticism and Critics
- Milwaukee
- British Magazines
- Internet Impact on Media
- News Councils
- Political Action Committees
- Freelance Writers and Stringers
- Digital Sound
- Digital Sound
- Docudrama
- Regulating Electronic Media
- Austria
- Section 9. Audiences
- Native American News Media
- History of Journalism: 1995 to Present
- Diversity: Content
- Photo Editors
- Indecency and Obscenity
- EuroNews
- New China (Xinhua) News Agency
- Diversity: Content
- Minneapolis–St. Paul
- British New Media
- News Aggregators
- Photo Agencies
- Political Reporters
- Graphics
- Electronic Media Organizations
- Digital Television
- Documentaries, Television
- Further Readings
- Azerbaijan
- Section 10. Global and Comparative Journalism
- Race and Ethnicity, Coverage of
- Infotainment
- Diversity: Employment
- Photojournalists
- International and Comparative Journalism Law
- Fox News
- PanAfrican News Agency
- Docudrama
- New York
- British Newspapers
- Podcasting
- Publishers' Organizations
- Presidential Families, Coverage of
- Labor Unions
- Equal Time
- Discussion Boards
- Electronic Media Organizations
- Bahamas
- Section 11. Journalism Periodicals
- Women in Journalism
- Internet Impact on Media
- Embedded Reporters
- Political Reporters
- Libel
- Mutual Broadcasting System
- Photo Agencies
- Documentaries, Motion Picture
- New York Times, The
- British Press Regulation
- Reporters, Online
- Reporters' Organizations
- Presidential Scandals, Coverage of
- Layout
- Federal Communications Commission
- Distribution, Online
- Electronic Newsgathering
- Bahrain
- Section 12. A Library User's Guide for Journalism and Mass Communication Subjects
- Women's Magazines
- Mass Media, Decline of
- Ethics
- Producers
- Media Accountability Systems
- National Public Radio
- Reuters
- Documentaries, Television
- Philadelphia
- British Tabloid Press
- Social Network Websites
- Special Interest Journalism Organizations
- Presidents, Coverage of
- Magazine Design
- Foreign Correspondents, Electronic
- Electronic News Gathering
- Equal Time
- Bangladesh
- Muckrakers
- First Amendment
- Publishers
- News Councils
- NBC News
- TASS and Russian News Agencies
- Editorials
- Publick Occurrences
- Canada
- Streaming Media
- U.S. International Communications
- Press and Government Relations
- News Hole
- Mutual Broadcasting System
- Facsimile
- Evening News, Television
- Barbados
- New Journalism
- Free Press and Fair Trial
- Reporters, Online
- Newspaper Preservation Act
- Public Broadcasting Service
- United Press International
- Education, Coverage of
- San Francisco
- Central America and the Caribbean
- Audio and Video News Services
- Press Pools
- News Syndication
- National Public Radio
- Graphics
- Facsimile
- Belarus
- News as Narrative
- Indecency and Obscenity
- Reporters, Print
- Newsroom Culture
- Star News (Asia)
- Wolff
- Entertainment Journalism
- Stars and Stripes
- China
- Satirists, Political
- Newspaper Design
- NBC News
- Internet Impact on Media
- Foreign Correspondents, Electronic
- Belgium
- News Audiences, Decline of
- Infotainment
- Reporters, Radio
- Privacy
- Environmental Journalism
- St. Louis
- Comparative Models of Journalism
- Spin
- Newsprint
- Newscasters, Radio
- News Aggregators
- Fox News
- Belize
- Newsroom Culture
- Juvenile Offenders, Coverage of
- Reporters, Television
- Self-Regulation
- Food Journalism
- USA Today
- Development Journalism
- Supreme Court and Journalism
- Printing
- Pacifica Radio
- Newsprint
- Morning News
- Benin
- News Values
- Libel
- Satirists, Political
- Shield Law
- Globalization, Coverage of
- Wall Street Journal, The
- English Roots of the Free Press
- Washington, D.C.
- Recording
- Podcasting
- Photography
- National Public Radio
- Bhutan
- Objectivity
- Media Accountability Systems
- Sportscasters, Radio
- Sunshine Law
- Government, Federal Coverage of
- Washington, D.C.
- Europe
- Satellite News Gathering
- Public Radio Journalism
- Podcasting
- NBC News
- Bolivia
- Parody of News
- Media Literacy
- Sportscasters, Television
- Supreme Court and Journalism
- Government, State and Local, Coverage of
- France
- Sound Bites
- Recording
- Printing
- Producers
- Bosnia And Herzegovina
- Satire of News
- Military and the Media
- Sportswriters
- Health and Medicine Journalism
- Free Flow of Information
- Reporters, Radio
- Recording
- Public Broadcasting Service
- Botswana
- Social Movements and Journalism
- News Syndication
- War Correspondents
- Hoaxes
- Germany
- Rip-and-Read News
- Satellite News Gathering
- Public Television Journalism
- Brazil
- Theories of Journalism
- Objectivity
- Human Interest Journalism
- Globalization, Coverage of
- Shortwave Radio
- Shortwave Radio
- Reporters, Television
- Brunei Darussalam
- Plagiarism
- Immigration, Coverage of
- Havas
- Simulcasting
- Streaming Media
- Satellite News Gathering
- Bulgaria
- Press Pools
- Innovation Journalism
- Hong Kong
- Sportscasters, Radio
- Telegraph
- Simulcasting
- Burkina Faso
- Privacy
- International Journalism
- India
- Streaming Media
- Telephone
- Sound Bites
- Burundi
- Professionalism
- Investigative Journalism
- International Herald Tribune
- Talk and News Radio
- Teletype
- Sportscasters, Television
- Cambodia
- Risk and News
- Labor Journalism
- International Journalism
- Type and Typography
- Streaming Media
- Cameroon
- Secrecy and Leaks
- Letters to the Editor
- Israel
- Videotex and Teletext
- Tabloid Television
- Canada
- Sound Bites
- Lifestyle Journalism
- Japan
- Television News Magazines
- Capeverde
- Spin
- Literary Journalism
- Mexico
- Video News Release
- Central African Republic
- Video News Releases
- Maps in Journalism
- New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO)
- Videotex and Teletext
- Chad
- Violence Against Journalists
- Natural Disasters, Coverage of
- Pacific Area
- Chile
- Obituaries
- PanAfrican News Agency
- China
- Op-Ed Page
- Reuters
- Colombia
- Peace Journalism
- Russian Federation
- Comoros
- Poverty, Coverage of
- Scandinavia
- Congo, Republic Of
- Precision Journalism
- Singapore
- Costa Rica
- Presidential Families, Coverage of
- South America
- Cote D'Ivoire
- Presidential Scandals, Coverage of
- Star News (Asia)
- Croatia
- Presidents, Coverage of
- TASS and Russian News Agencies
- Cuba
- Race and Ethnicity, Coverage of
- U.S. International Communication
- Cyprus
- Religion Journalism
- Wolff
- Czech Republic
- Science and Technology Journalism
- Democratic Republic Of The Congo
- Sensationalism
- Denmark
- Sports Journalism
- Djibouti
- Terrorism, Coverage of
- Dominica
- Travel Journalism
- Dominican Republic
- War and Military Journalism
- Ecuador
- Weather Journalism
- Egypt
- El Salvador
- Equatorial Guinea
- Eritrea
- Estonia
- Ethiopia
- Fiji
- Finland
- France
- Gabon
- Gambia
- Georgia
- Germany
- Ghana
- Greece
- Grenada
- Guatemala
- Guinea
- Guinea-Bissau
- Guyana
- Haiti
- Honduras
- Hong Kong
- Hungary
- Iceland
- India
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Iraq
- Ireland
- Israel
- Italy
- Jamaica
- Japan
- Jordan
- Kazakhstan
- Kenya
- Kiribati
- Kuwait
- Kyrgyzstan
- Laos
- Latvia
- Lebanon
- Lesotho
- Liberia
- Libya
- Liechtenstein
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Macedonia
- Madagascar
- Malawi
- Malaysia
- Maldives
- Mali
- Malta
- Marshall Islands
- Mauritania
- Mauritius
- Mexico
- Micronesia
- Moldova
- Monaco
- Mongolia
- Morocco
- Mozambique
- Myanmar (Burma)
- Namibia
- Nauru
- Nepal
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Nicaragua
- Niger
- Nigeria
- North Korea
- Norway
- Oman
- Pakistan
- Palau
- Panama
- Papua New Guinea
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Philippines
- Poland
- Portugal
- Qatar
- Romania
- Russian Federation
- Rwanda
- Saint Kitts And Nevis
- Saint Lucia
- Saint Vincent And The Grenadines
- Samoa
- San Marino
- Sao Tome And Principe
- Saudi Arabia
- Senegal
- Serbia And Montenegro
- Seychelles
- Sierra Leone
- Singapore
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Solomon Islands
- Somalia
- South Africa
- South Korea
- Spain
- Sri Lanka
- Sudan
- Suriname
- Swaziland
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Syrian Arab Republic
- Taiwan
- Tajikistan
- Tanzania
- Thailand
- Timor-Leste
- Togo
- Tonga
- Trinidad And Tobago
- Tunisia
- Turkey
- Turkmenistan
- Tuvalu
- Uganda
- Ukraine
- United Arab Emirates
- United Kingdom
- United States Of America
- Uruguay
- Uzbekistan
- Vanuatu
- Venezuela
- Vietnam
- West Bank And Gaza Strip
- Yemen
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
196519
- Loading...
