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Variables, Instrumental
Confounding is a pervasive problem for drawing inferences about political causes and effects. In brief, some individuals, countries, or other units are exposed to a “treatment” or “intervention,” while others are not. Differences in outcomes may reflect the effect of treatment, ...
- Comparative Politics, Theory, and Methods
- Anarchism
- Anarchy
- Breakdown of Political Systems
- Cabinets
- Censorship
- Central Banks
- Change, Institutional
- Charisma
- Citizenship
- Collaboration
- Comparative Methods
- Comparative Politics
- Competition, Political
- Conditionality
- Constitutional Engineering
- Corporativism
- Decentralization
- Democracy, Types of
- Discursive Institutionalism
- Elites
- Environmental Issues
- Executive
- Government
- Historical Sociology
- Human Rights, Comparative Perspectives
- Hybrid Regimes
- Institutionalization
- Institutionalization
- Institutions and Institutionalism
- Interest Groups
- Irredentism
- Labor Movement
- Leadership
- Legitimacy
- Military Rule
- Monarchy
- Neo-Patrimonialism
- Neo-Weberian State
- Oligarchy
- Path Dependence
- Personalization of Politics
- Pillarization
- Political Integration
- Political Science, International
- Political Systems, Types
- Politics of Language
- Presidentialism
- Prospect Theory
- Qualitative Comparative Analysis
- Referenda
- Reform
- Regime (Comparative Politics)
- Regionalism
- Regionalization
- Representation
- Republic
- Republicanism
- Responsibility
- Responsiveness
- Revolution
- Rule of Law
- Secession
- Semipresidentialism
- Separation of Powers
- Social Movements
- Socialist Systems
- Stability
- State
- State, Virtual
- Terrorist Groups
- Totalitarian Regimes
- Welfare Policies
- Welfare State
- Case and Area Studies
- Area Studies
- Authoritarian Regimes
- Case Studies
- Caudillismo
- Communist Systems
- Comparative Methods
- Comparative Politics
- Cross-National Surveys
- Democracy: Chinese Perspectives
- Democracy: Middle East Perspectives
- Democracy: Russian Perspectives
- Fascist Movements
- Multiculturalism
- Populist Movements
- Postcommunist Regimes
- Regional Integration (Supranational)
- Subnational Governments
- Democracy and Democratization
- Accountability
- Accountability, Electoral
- Accountability, Interinstitutional
- Change, Institutional
- Citizenship
- Civil Service
- Coalitions
- Collaboration
- Colonialism
- Competition, Political
- Conditionality
- Constitutional Engineering
- Constitutionalism
- Corruption, Administrative
- Credible Commitment
- Democracy, Direct
- Democracy, Quality
- Democracy, Types of
- Democracy: Chinese Perspectives
- Democracy: Middle East Perspectives
- Democracy: Russian Perspectives
- Democratization
- Developing World and International Relations
- Development Administration
- Development, Political
- Empowerment
- Federalism
- Foreign Aid and Development
- Governance
- Governance, Good
- Groupthink
- Human Development
- Liberalization
- Modernization Theory
- Monarchy
- Nation Building
- Opposition
- Peasants' Movements
- Pluralist Interest Intermediation
- Postcolonialism
- Postmaterialism
- Representation
- Responsibility
- Responsiveness
- Responsiveness of Bureaucracy
- Rule of Law
- Self-Determination
- Semipresidentialism
- State Collapse
- State Failure
- State Formation
- Sustainable Development
- Traditional Rule
- Transition
- Transitional Justice
- Decision Making in Democracies
- Cost–Benefit Analysis
- Delegation
- Deliberative Policy Making
- Election by Lot
- Election Observation
- Election Research
- Elections, Primary
- Elections, Volatility
- Electoral Behavior
- Electoral Campaigns
- Electoral Geography
- Electoral Systems
- Electoral Turnout
- Executive
- Judicial Independence
- Judicial Systems
- Lobbying
- Parliamentary Systems
- Parliaments
- Participation
- Participation, Contentious
- Referenda
- Separation of Powers
- Voting Rules, Electoral, Effects of
- Voting Rules, Legislative
- Epistemological Foundations
- Behavioralism
- Biology and Politics
- Causality
- Concept Formation
- Conditions, Necessary and Sufficient
- Constructivism
- Constructivism in International Relations
- Critical Theory
- Critical Theory in International Relations
- Culturalism
- Democracy, Theories of
- Epistemic Communities
- Epistemological and Methodological Foundations
- Ethics
- Feminist Theory in International Relations
- Functionalism
- Historical Sociology
- Idealism
- Ideology
- Institutional Theory
- Institutions and Institutionalism
- Logic of Appropriateness
- Methodology
- Multiculturalism
- Neoliberal Institutionalism
- Neoliberalism
- Paradigms in Political Science
- Positivism
- Quantitative Versus Qualitative Methods
- Rationalism, Critical
- Rationality, Bounded
- Systems Theory
- Utilitarianism
- Gender and Race/Ethnicity
- International Relations
- Balance of Power
- Colonialism
- Constructivism in International Relations
- Containment
- Critical Theory
- Critical Theory in International Relations
- Democratic Peace
- Dependency Theory
- Developing World and International Relations
- Domestic Politics and International Relations
- Empire
- Europe as an International Actor
- Foreign Aid and Development
- Foreign Policy Analysis
- Governance, Global
- Human Rights in International Relations
- Indigenous Peoples' Rights
- Intergovernmentalism
- International Law
- International Organizations
- International Regimes
- International Relations as a Field of Study
- International Relations, Theory
- International System
- International Trade
- Intervention
- Intervention, Humanitarian
- Judicialization of International Relations
- Mediation in International Relations
- Multilateralism
- Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
- Normative Theory in International Relations
- Political Science, International Institutionalization
- Postmodernism in International Relations
- Psychological Explanations of International Politics
- Realism in International Relations
- Superpower
- Peace, War, and Conflict Resolution
- Alliances
- Arms Race
- Bilateralism
- Bipolarity and Multipolarity
- Civil War
- Collective Security
- Conflict Resolution
- Conflicts
- Détente
- Diplomacy
- Disarmament
- Domestic Politics and International Relations
- Empire
- Foreign Policy Analysis
- Genocide
- Imperialism
- Intervention
- Intervention, Humanitarian
- Judicial Decision Making
- Judicialization of International Relations
- Mediation in International Relations
- Militias
- Multilateralism
- National Interest
- Natural Resources
- Neutrality
- Pacifism
- Participation, Contentious
- Peace
- Peacekeeping
- Positive Peace
- Power and International Politics
- Preemptive War
- Psychological Explanations of International Politics
- Sanctions
- Secession
- Security and Defense Policy
- Security Cooperation
- Security Dilemma
- Sovereignty
- Strategic (Security) Studies
- Superpower
- Territory
- Terrorism, International
- Transatlantic Relations
- Unilateralism
- United Nations
- Violence
- War and Peace
- Warlords
- Westphalian Ideal State
- World Systems Theory
- Political Economy
- Capitalism
- Central Banks
- Class, Social
- Cost–Benefit Analysis
- Economic Policy
- Economic Statecraft
- Economic Theories of Politics
- Foreign Aid and Development
- Inequality, Economic
- International Monetary Fund (IMF)
- International Political Economy
- Labor Movement
- Market Economy
- Market Failure
- Monetary Relations
- Multilateralism
- Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
- Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
- Policy, Employment
- Political Economy
- Privatization
- Property
- Protectionism
- Public Budgeting
- Public Employment
- Public Goods
- Redistribution
- Social Stratification
- Sustainable Development
- Tax Policy
- Trade Liberalization
- Traditional Rule
- Tragedy of the Commons
- Transaction Costs
- Transformation, Economic
- Welfare Policies
- Welfare State
- World Bank
- World Trade Organization (WTO)
- Political Parties
- Christian Democratic Parties
- Cleavages, Social and Political
- Communist Parties
- Conservative Parties
- Green Parties
- Liberal Parties
- One-Party Dominance
- Parties
- Party Finance
- Party Identification
- Party Linkage
- Party Manifesto
- Party Organization
- Party System Fragmentation
- Party Systems
- Social Democracy
- Socialist Parties
- Political Philosophy/Theory
- African Political Thought
- Anarchism
- Charisma
- Communism
- Communitarianism
- Conservatism
- Constitutionalism
- Contract Theory
- Democracy, Theories of
- Discursive Institutionalism
- Ethics
- Fascism
- Fundamentalism
- Greek Philosophy
- Idealism in International Relations
- Liberalism
- Liberalism in International Relations
- Libertarianism
- Liberty
- Maoism
- Marxism
- Mercantilism
- Nationalism
- Neoliberal Institutionalism
- Neoliberalism
- Normative Political Theory
- Normative Theory in International Relations
- Pacifism
- Pluralism
- Political Class
- Political Philosophy
- Political Psychology
- Political Theory
- Postmodernism in International Relations
- Realism in International Relations
- Revisionism
- Rights
- Secularism
- Socialism
- Stalinism
- Statism
- Theocracy
- Utilitarianism
- Utopianism
- Equality and Inequality
- Formal and Positive Theory
- Theorists
- Political Sociology
- Alienation
- Anomia
- Apathy
- Attitude Consistency
- Beliefs
- Civic Culture
- Civic Participation
- Corporativism
- Credible Commitment
- Diaspora
- Dissatisfaction, Political
- Elections, Primary
- Electoral Behavior
- Elitism
- Empowerment
- Hegemony
- Historical Memory
- Intellectuals
- International Public Opinion
- International Society
- Media, Electronic
- Media, Print
- Migration
- Mobilization, Political
- Neo-Corporatism
- Networks
- Nonstate Actors
- Participation
- Participation, Contentious
- Party Identification
- Patriotism
- Pillarization
- Political Communication
- Political Culture
- Political Socialization
- Political Sociology as a Field of Study
- Popular Culture
- Power
- Schema
- Script
- Social Capital
- Social Cohesion
- Social Dominance Orientation
- Solidarity
- Subject Culture
- Support, Political
- Tolerance
- Trust, Social
- Values
- Violence
- Public Policy
- Advocacy
- Advocacy Coalition Framework
- Agencies
- Agenda Setting
- Bargaining
- Common Goods
- Complexity
- Compliance
- Contingency Theory
- Cooperation
- Coordination
- Crisis Management
- Deregulation
- Discretion
- Discursive Policy Analysis
- Environmental Policy
- Environmental Security Studies
- Europeanization of Policy
- Evidence-Based Policy
- Immigration Policy
- Impacts, Policy
- Implementation
- Joint-Decision Trap
- Judicial Decision Making
- Judicial Review
- Legalization of Policy
- Metagovernance
- Monitoring
- Neo-Weberian State
- New Public Management
- Organization Theory
- Policy Advice
- Policy Analysis
- Policy Community
- Policy Cycle
- Policy Evaluation
- Policy Formulation
- Policy Framing
- Policy Instruments
- Policy Learning
- Policy Network
- Policy Process, Models of
- Policy, Constructivist Models
- Policy, Discourse Models
- Policy, Employment
- Prospect Theory
- Reorganization
- Risk and Public Policy
- Self-Regulation
- Soft Law
- Stages Model of Policy Making
- Think Tanks
- Tragedy of the Commons
- Transaction Costs
- Public Administration
- Administration
- Administration Theory
- Audit Society
- Auditing
- Autonomy, Administrative
- Budgeting, Rational Models
- Bureaucracy
- Bureaucracy, Rational Choice Models
- Bureaucracy, Street-Level
- Civil Service
- Corruption, Administrative
- Effectiveness, Bureaucratic
- Governance
- Governance Networks
- Governance, Administration Policies
- Governance, Informal
- Governance, Multilevel
- Governance, Urban
- Groupthink
- Health Policy
- Intelligence
- Pay for Performance
- Performance
- Performance Management
- Planning
- Police
- Politicization of Bureaucracy
- Politicization of Civil Service
- Public Budgeting
- Public Employment
- Public Goods
- Public Office, Rewards
- Regulation
- Representative Bureaucracy
- Responsiveness of Bureaucracy
- Secret Services
- Security Apparatus
- Qualitative Methods
- Analytic Narratives: Applications
- Analytic Narratives: The Method
- Configurational Comparative Methods
- Data, Textual
- Discourse Analysis
- Ethnographic Methods
- Evaluation Research
- Fuzzy-Set Analysis
- Grounded Theory
- Hermeneutics
- Interviewing
- Interviews, Elite
- Interviews, Expert
- Mixed Methods
- Network Analysis
- Participant Observation
- Process Tracing
- Qualitative Comparative Analysis
- Quantitative Versus Qualitative Methods
- Thick Description
- Triangulation
- Quantitative Methods
- Aggregate Data Analysis
- Analysis of Variance
- Boolean Algebra
- Categorical Response Data
- Censored and Truncated Data
- Cohort Analysis
- Correlation
- Correspondence Analysis
- Cross-National Surveys
- Cross-Tabular Analysis
- Data Analysis, Exploratory
- Data Visualization
- Data, Archival
- Data, Missing
- Data, Spatial
- Event Counts
- Event History Analysis
- Experiments, Field
- Experiments, Laboratory
- Experiments, Natural
- Factor Analysis
- Fair Division
- Fuzzy-Set Analysis
- Granger Causality
- Graphics, Statistical
- Hypothesis Testing
- Inference, Ecological
- Interaction Effects
- Item–Response (Rasch) Models
- Logit and Probit Analyses
- Matching
- Maximum Likelihood
- Measurement
- Measurement, Levels
- Measurement, Scales
- Meta-Analysis
- Misspecification
- Mixed Methods
- Model Specification
- Models, Computational/Agent-Based
- Monte Carlo Methods
- Multilevel Analysis
- Nonlinear Models
- Nonparametric Methods
- Panel Data Analysis
- Political Risk Analysis
- Prediction and Forecasting
- Quantitative Methods, Basic Assumptions
- Quantitative Versus Qualitative Methods
- Regression
- Robust Statistics
- Sampling, Random and Nonrandom
- Scaling
- Scaling Methods: A Taxonomy
- Selection Bias
- Simultaneous Equation Modeling
- Statistical Inference, Classical and Bayesian
- Statistical Significance
- Statistics: Overview
- Structural Equation Modeling
- Survey Research
- Survey Research Modes
- Time-Series Analysis
- Time-Series Cross-Section Data and Methods
- Triangulation
- Variables
- Variables, Instrumental
- Weighted Least Squares
- Religion
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