SAGE Reference - Encyclopedia of Immigration and Migration in the American West

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African American Communities in California

In: Encyclopedia of Immigration and Migration in the American West
Edited by: Gordon Morris Bakken & Alexandra Kindell
Subject:Migration

From their time in slavery, African Americans have sought refuge and opportunity by migrating to places populated solely by their race. Various towns have been labeled all-black towns. Scholars have tried to distinguish areas that merit that label by ...

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  Bakken, G. M., & Kindell, A. (2006). African american communities in california. In Encyclopedia of immigration and migration in the American West (Vol. 1, pp. 2-9). SAGE Publications, Inc., https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412952439.n2
  
  Bakken, Gordon M., and Alexandra Kindell. "African American Communities in California." In Encyclopedia of Immigration and Migration in the American West, edited by Bakken, Gordon Morris., and Alexandra Kindell, 2-9. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2006. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412952439.n2.
  
  Bakken, G. M. and Kindell, A. 2006. African American Communities in California. In: Gordon M. Bakken and Alexandra Kindell Editors, 2006. Encyclopedia of Immigration and Migration in the American West, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 2-9 Available at: <https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412952439.n2> [Accessed 18 Aug 2022].
  
  Bakken, Gordon M. and Alexandra Kindell. "African American Communities in California." Encyclopedia of Immigration and Migration in the American West. Edited by Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2006, pp. 2-9. SAGE Knowledge. 18 Aug 2022, doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412952439.n2.
  
  Bakken, Gordon M., and Alexandra Kindell (2006). African american communities in california In:African american communities in california Encyclopedia of immigration and migration in the American West Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.; 2006:2-9. doi:10.4135/9781412952439.n2
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