Early light-emitting diode (LED) designs emitted a bluish-white light; white LEDs, based on blue LED technology, arrived on the market in the 1990s. LED bulbs generally have long life spans and contain a tiny flake of semiconducting material with a surface area of less than 1 square millimeter.

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Light-emitting diodes, also called solid-state lighting or, simply, “LEDs,” are highly efficient, durable, and long-lasting lighting devices. The technology has improved enormously since the 1960s when the first LEDs came to market. LEDs are now the industry standard in a variety of specialty lighting markets, and the popular bulbs are rapidly entering the general illumination market. LED bulbs are more energy efficient and last longer than incandescent, halogen, and fluorescent bulbs, but their up-front costs are higher. Since ...

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