- Entry
- Reader's guide
- Entries A-Z
- Subject index
Research and Development
Research and development (R&D) refers to the process of discovering new knowledge about natural and social reality. It is usually related to the application of such knowledge to create new and improved products, processes, and services that fill market needs or ...
- Capitalism
- Antiglobalization
- Capitalism
- Clientelism
- Coordinated Market Economy
- Fiscal Crisis
- Fordism and Post-Fordism
- Globalization
- Glocalization
- Human Capital
- Human Capital Mobility
- Industrialization
- Investment
- Liberal Market Economy
- Liberalization
- Monopoly
- Oil Crisis
- Physical Capital
- Political Economy
- Production Chain
- Production Network
- Public Investment
- Regulation Theory
- Social Capital
- Triadization
- Varieties of Capitalism Thesis
- Citizenship
- Citizen-Centric Government
- Citizenship
- Civic Capacity
- Civic Engagement
- Civic Republicanism
- Civic Virtue
- Civil Service
- Civil Society
- Common Good
- Community Organizing
- Consumption
- Empowerment
- Ethical Consumerism
- Ethnic Groups
- Ethnonationalism
- Everyday Maker
- Guest Workers
- Immigration
- Migration
- Multiculturalism
- Nation
- Nationalism
- Self-Government
- Social Inclusion
- Stakeholder
- Cultures
- Confucian Governance
- Culture Governance
- Ethnonationalism
- Hindu Governance
- Interpretive Theory
- Islamic Governance
- Multiculturalism
- Nationalism
- Neotraditionalism
- Organizational Culture
- Policy Style
- Religion
- Social Constructivism
- Sociology of Governance
- Taoist Governance
- Tradition
- Translation
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
- Decision Making
- Bounded Rationality
- Bureaucratic Politics Approach
- Communicative Rationality
- Cost-Benefit Analysis
- Decision Making
- Forecasting
- Frame Analysis
- Game Theory
- Groupthink
- Hedging
- Incrementalism
- Local Reasoning
- Majority Cycle
- Negotiation
- Optimal Decision Making
- Pareto Optimality
- Planning
- Policy Learning
- Prisoner's Dilemma
- Problem Structure
- Public Choice Theory
- Rational Choice Theory
- Rationality
- Revealed Preference
- Risk
- Satisficing Behavior
- Sensemaking
- Social Choice
- Social Learning
- Strategic Planning
- Democratic Theory
- Accountability
- Civic Republicanism
- Common Good
- Consensus Democracy
- Consent
- Deliberative Democracy
- Democratic Deficit
- Democratic Theory
- Democratization
- E-Democracy
- Elections
- Governance
- Legislature
- Legitimacy
- Legitimacy Crisis
- Liberalism
- Participation
- Participatory Democracy
- Pluralism
- Pluralist Democracy
- Polyarchy
- Representation
- Representative Democracy
- Self-Government
- Social Democracy
- Development
- African Governance
- Bretton Woods
- Democratization
- Dependency
- Development Assistance Committee
- Development Theory
- Economic Governance
- Export Processing Zones
- HIV/AIDS
- Human Security
- Import Substitution Industrialization
- Millennium Development Goals
- Neocolonialism
- Neoliberalism
- Offshoring
- Oil Crisis
- Post–Washington Consensus
- Poverty Reduction
- Third-World Debt
- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
- Washington Consensus
- World Bank
- World Development Indicators
- World Trade Organization
- Economic Governance
- Asian Financial Crisis
- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
- Baltic State Cooperation
- Bretton Woods
- Collective Wage Bargaining
- Competition Policy
- Competition State
- Convergence and Divergence
- Corporate Governance
- Corporatism
- Dirigisme
- Economic Governance
- Economic Integration
- Economic Openness
- Exchange-Rate Regime
- Fiscal Federalism
- Import Substitution Industrialization
- Investment Incentive
- Keynesianism
- Monetarism
- Monetary Policy
- Monetary Union
- Planning
- Political Economy
- Post–Washington Consensus
- Protectionism
- Social Democracy
- Stakeholder
- Third Way
- Tobin Tax
- Washington Consensus
- Environmental Governance
- Evaluation of Governance
- Global Governance
- Anarchy
- Bretton Woods
- Commission on Global Governance
- Cosmopolitanism
- Democratization
- Global Civil Society
- Global Governance
- Global Justice
- Hegemony
- Human Rights
- Human Security
- Humanitarian Intervention
- Interregional Relations
- Liberal Internationalism
- Millennium Development Goals
- Open and Closed Regionalism
- Post–Washington Consensus
- Poverty Reduction
- Regionalism
- Third-World Debt
- Tobin Tax
- Transgovernmentalism
- Transnational Governance
- Transnational Social Movement
- Transnationalism
- Washington Consensus
- World Development Indicators
- Good Governance
- Accountability
- Capacity Building
- Civic Capacity
- Civic Engagement
- Civic Virtue
- Consent
- Corruption
- Corruption Perceptions Index
- Decentralization
- Democratization
- Devolution
- Empowerment
- Equity
- Gender Equality
- Good Governance
- Human Rights
- Institutional Performance
- Legitimacy
- New Poverty Research
- Open Government
- Participation
- Property Rights
- Responsibility
- Rule of Law
- Social Inclusion
- Social Justice
- Transparency
- Trust
- Government
- American Government
- Confederalism
- Core Executive
- Differentiated Polity
- Domestic Level Theories
- Elections
- Executive
- Failed State
- Government
- Government Department
- Hollow State
- Intergovernmental Relations
- Judiciary
- Legislature
- Political Party
- Regulatory State
- Social Democracy
- Sovereignty
- State
- State Building
- State Structure
- State-Society Relations
- Third Way
- Welfare State
- Information Governance
- Cyberspace
- Data Protection
- E-Democracy
- E-Government
- Electronic Records
- Freedom of Information
- Information Access Laws
- Informationalism
- Internet Governance
- Knowledge Management
- Media Freedom
- Open Government
- Public Information
- Research and Development
- Science
- Technology
- Technology Transfer
- Virtual Agency
- Virtual Community
- Institutionalism
- Association
- Authority
- Capacity Building
- Common-Pool Resource
- Deinstitutionalization
- Epistemic Community
- Governance
- Hybridity
- Institution
- Institutional Performance
- Institutionalism
- Institutionalization
- Institutionalized Environment
- Legitimacy
- Logic of Appropriateness
- Neotraditionalism
- Network
- New Institutionalism
- Norms
- Organization Theory
- Path Dependence
- Policy Network
- Principal-Agent Model
- Professionalism
- Rule
- Transaction Cost
- Weak Institution
- International Organization
- Functionalism
- Global Compact
- Group of 7
- Group of 77
- International Courts
- International Labour Organization
- International Law and Treaties
- International Monetary Fund
- International Organization
- International Regime
- Kyoto Protocol
- Regime
- Regime Theory
- United Nations
- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
- United Nations Security Council
- World Bank
- World Economic Forum
- World Health Organization
- World Trade Organization
- Interpretive Theory
- Local Governance
- Market
- Bear Market
- Brokerage
- Bull Market
- Business Cycle
- Capital Market Integration
- Competitiveness
- Consumption
- Derivative
- Ethical Consumerism
- Financial Market
- Foreign Direct Investment
- Foreign Exchange Market
- Futures Market
- Global Market
- Hedging
- Internal Market
- International Division of Labor
- Irrational Exuberance
- Market
- Marketization
- Offshoring
- Optimum Currency Area
- Political Economy
- Privatization
- Quasi-Market
- Research and Development
- Social Market
- Third Sector
- Organization Theory
- Adhocracy
- Bureaucracy
- Complexity
- Coordination
- Effectiveness
- Efficiency
- Formal Organization
- Garbage Can Theory
- Heterarchy
- Hierarchy
- High-Reliability Organization
- Hybrid Organization
- Impossible Job
- Informal Organization
- Interdependence
- Interorganizational Coordination
- Knowledge Management
- Line-Staff Organization
- Matrix Organization
- Normal Accident Theory
- Organization Theory
- Organizational Culture
- Organizational Field
- Organizational Learning
- Organizational Structure
- Quasi-Market
- Resource Dependency Theory
- Self-Organizing System
- Structural Contingency Theory
- Systems Theory
- Technology
- Political Process
- Adversarial Legalism
- Advocacy Networks
- Authoritarianism
- Brokerage
- Clientelism
- Coalition
- Collusion
- Conflict Mediation
- Cooptation
- Corporatism
- Decentralization
- Devolution
- Empowerment
- Failed State
- Governance Failure
- Interest Intermediation
- Intergovernmental Relations
- Iron Law of Oligarchy
- Leadership
- Micropolitics
- Military Occupation
- Oversight
- Policy Implementation
- Political Exchange
- Polyarchy
- Regime
- Stakeholder
- Transnational Governance
- Welfare Reform
- Policy Analysis
- Bureaucratic Politics Approach
- Collaborative Governance
- Collaborative Planning
- Decision Making
- Dialogic Public Policy
- Evaluation Research
- Evidenced-Based Policy
- Frame Analysis
- Governability
- Governance
- Incrementalism
- Interest Group
- Interest Intermediation
- Interpretive Policy Analysis
- Path Dependence
- Planning
- Policy Analysis
- Policy Cycle
- Policy Development
- Policy Implementation
- Policy Learning
- Policy Network
- Policy Predictability
- Policy Style
- Policy Transfer
- Program Evaluation
- Strategic Planning
- Urban and Regional Planning
- Public Administration
- Accountability
- Advocacy Networks
- Agency
- Bureaucracy
- Citizen-Centric Government
- Civil Service
- Councils of Governments
- Governance
- Indigenous Governance
- Multilevel Governance
- Neighborhood Association
- Ombudsman
- Policy Network
- Politics-Administration Dichotomy
- Pooled Sovereignty
- Public Administration
- Public Sector
- Quango
- Regulation
- Regulatory Enforcement
- Regulatory State
- Special District
- State
- Street-Level Bureaucrat
- Virtual Agency
- Public-Sector Management
- Audit
- Benchmarking
- Budgetary Autonomy
- Compliance Cost
- Contracting Out
- Cost-Benefit Analysis
- Forecasting
- Good Governance
- Governance
- Government by Proxy
- Internal Market
- Joint Venture
- Liberalization
- Marketization
- New Public Management
- Overload
- Performance Measurement
- Privatization
- Program Evaluation
- Public Administration
- Public Sector
- Public-Private Partnership
- Purchaser-Provider Split
- Quasi-Market
- Service Delivery
- Service Provider
- Service Quality
- Steering
- Welfare Reform
- Workfare
- Rational Choice Theory
- Bounded Rationality
- Bureau Shaping
- Collective Action
- Cost-Benefit Analysis
- Equilibrium Theory
- Externalities
- Free Riding
- Game Theory
- Governance
- Governance Failure
- Impossibility Theorem
- Market Failure
- New Public Management
- Optimal Decision Making
- Overload
- Pareto Optimality
- Political Business Cycle
- Positive Political Theory
- Prisoner's Dilemma
- Public Choice Theory
- Public Goods
- Rational Choice Theory
- Rationality
- Rationalization
- Rent Seeking
- Revealed Preference
- Satisficing Behavior
- Social Choice
- State Capture
- Transaction Cost
- Regionalism
- Andean Community, Andean Pact
- Arab Integration
- Asian Governance
- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
- Association of Southeast Asian Nations
- Australasian Governance
- Baltic State Cooperation
- Caribbean Community
- Caribbean Governance
- Chiang Mai Agreement
- Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
- Commonwealth of Independent States
- Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
- East Asian Economic Grouping
- Economic Community of West African States
- Economic Integration
- European Coal and Steel Community
- European Free Trade Association
- European Governance
- European Union
- Free Trade Area of the Americas
- Hemispheric Integration
- Interregional Relations
- Mercosur
- Mesoregionalism
- New Regionalism
- North American Free Trade Agreement
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- North-South Regionalism
- Open and Closed Regionalism
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
- Organization of African Unity, The
- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
- Pacific Islands Forum
- Regional Development Bank
- Regional Governance
- Regionalism
- South East Asia Treaty Organization
- Southern African Development Community
- Transgovernmentalism
- Transnational Governance
- Transnational Social Movement
- Transnationalism
- Triadization
- Security
- Arms Control
- Confidence-Building Measure
- Conflict Mediation
- Crisis Management
- Deterrence
- Emergency Powers
- Human Security
- Humanitarian Intervention
- Military Necessity
- Military Occupation
- Multilateralism
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
- Peace Process
- Post-9/11
- Private Military Companies
- Sanctions
- Second-Track Diplomacy
- Security
- Security Community
- Terrorism
- War on Terrorism
- Society
- Anarchy
- Citizenship
- Civic Virtue
- Civil Society
- Clientelism
- Consent
- Ethnic Groups
- Global Civil Society
- Individualism
- Multiculturalism
- Nation
- Nationalism
- Neighborhood Association
- Neotraditionalism
- Network Society
- Nongovernmental Organization
- Nonprofit Organization
- Participation
- Pluralism
- Political Communication
- Public Opinion
- Public Sphere
- Risk Society
- Social Capital
- Social Market
- Social Movement Theory
- Social Practice
- Third Sector
- Tradition
- Transnational Social Movement
- Virtual Community
- Sociology of Governance
- Authority
- Autopoiesis
- Civil Society
- Communication
- Communicative Action
- Cooperation
- Economic Sociology
- Embeddedness
- Generalized Exchange
- Governmentality
- Legitimacy
- Network
- Norms
- Organization Theory
- Patrimonialism
- Power
- Rationalization
- Reciprocity
- Reflexivity
- Social Capital
- Social Constructivism
- Social Movement Theory
- Social Network Theory
- Sociocybernetics
- Sociology of Governance
- Space
- State
- State Building
- State-Society Relations
- Trust
- Welfare State
- Theories of Governance
- Communitarianism
- Decentered Theory
- Feminist Theory
- Functionalism
- Governance
- Governmentality
- Institutionalism
- Interpretive Theory
- Marxism
- Neoliberalism
- Neo-Marxism
- New Institutionalism
- Organization Theory
- Pragmatism
- Rational Choice Theory
- Realism and Neorealism
- Regime Theory
- Regulation Theory
- Social Constructivism
- Systems Theory
- Trade
- Cairns Group
- Corporate Codes of Conduct
- European Free Trade Association
- European Union
- Free Trade Area of the Americas
- Liberalization
- Marketization
- Mercantilism
- Most-Favored Nation Principle
- Multilateralism
- Neocolonialism
- Neoliberalism
- New Regionalism
- Protectionism
- Reciprocity
- Rules of Origin
- Sanctions
- Trade Agreements
165508- Loading...
Get a 30 day FREE TRIAL
-
Watch videos from a variety of sources bringing classroom topics to life -
Read modern, diverse business cases
-
Explore hundreds of books and reference titles
Add to list closeHave you created a personal profile? Login or create a profile so that you can save clips, playlists and searches
Read next
More like this
SAGE Recommends
We found other relevant content for you on other SAGE platforms.
link backcloseWant to try SAGE Knowledge first?icon warningSign up for a free trial and experience all SAGE Knowledge has to offer.
start free 30 day trialYou must have a valid academic email address to sign up.
closeWith institutional access I can:Want to try SAGE Knowledge first?- View or download all content my institution has access to
Sign up for a free trial and experience all SAGE Knowledge has to offer.
start free 30 day trialYou must have a valid academic email address to sign up.