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- Reader's guide
- Entries A-Z
- Subject index
Thermosphere
The Earth is surrounded by a blanket of air called the atmosphere. The atmosphere is a thin layer of gases that envelope the Earth. The gases are held close to the Earth by gravity and the thermal movement of air molecules. ...
- Atmospheric Sciences
- Aerosols
- Anticyclones
- Atmospheric Absorption of Solar Radiation
- Atmospheric Boundary Layer
- Atmospheric Composition
- Atmospheric Emission of Infrared Radiation
- Atmospheric Vertical Structure
- Blizzards
- Clouds, Cirrus
- Clouds, Cumulus
- Clouds, Stratus
- Condensation
- Convection
- Coriolis Force
- Cyclones
- Doldrums
- Evaporation and Transpiration
- Evolution of the Atmosphere
- Hadley Circulation
- Heat, Latent
- Heat, Sensible
- Hot Air
- Hurricanes and Typhoons
- Intertropical Convergence Zone
- Jet Streams
- Mesosphere
- Monsoons
- Orbital Parameters, Eccentricity
- Orbital Parameters, Obliquity
- Orbital Parameters, Precession
- Precipitation
- Radiation, Absorption
- Radiation, Infrared
- Radiation, Long Wave
- Radiation, Microwave
- Radiation, Short Wave
- Radiation, Ultraviolet
- Rain
- Solar Wind
- Stratosphere
- Sunlight
- Sunspots
- Thermosphere
- Thunderstorms
- Trade Winds
- Tropopause
- Troposphere
- Walker Circulation
- Waves, Gravity
- Waves, Internal
- Waves, Kelvin
- Waves, Planetary
- Waves, Rossby
- Weather
- Winds, Easterlies
- Winds, Westerlies
- Climate
- Abrupt Climate Changes
- Aerosols
- Albedo
- Anthropogenic Forcing
- Carbon Cycle
- Climate
- Climate Cycles
- Climate Forcing
- Climate Thresholds
- Climate Zones
- Climate-Gate
- Climatic Data, Atmospheric Observations
- Climatic Data, Cave Records
- Climatic Data, Historical Records
- Climatic Data, Ice Observations
- Climatic Data, Instrumental Records
- Climatic Data, Lake Records
- Climatic Data, Nature of the Data
- Climatic Data, Oceanic Observations
- Climatic Data, Proxy Records
- Climatic Data, Reanalysis
- Climatic Data, Sea Floor Records
- Climatic Data, Sediment Records
- Climatic Data, Tree Ring Records
- Contraction and Convergence
- Detection of Climate Changes
- Earthshine
- Energy, Climate
- Forced Climate Variability
- Gaia Hypothesis
- History of Climatology
- History of Meteorology
- Hydrological Cycle
- Internal Climate Variability
- Methane Cycle
- Milankovitch Cycles
- Oxygen Cycle
- Seasonal Cycle
- Southern Oscillation Index
- Sunlight
- Thermodynamics
- Volcanism
- World Systems Theory
- Climate and Society
- An Inconvenient Truth
- Adaptation
- Additionality
- Alternative Energy, Overview
- Automobiles
- Botanical Gardens
- Botany
- Bush Administration, George H. W.
- Bush Administration, George W.
- Capitalism
- Carbon Capture and Storage
- Carbon Dioxide
- Carbon Dioxide Equivalent
- Carbon Footprint
- Carbon Markets
- Carbon Offsets
- Carbon Permits
- Carbon Sequestration
- Carbon Sinks
- Carbon Tax
- Carbon, Black
- Carter Administration
- Certified Emissions Reduction
- Charismatic Megafauna
- Chemistry
- Chlorofluorocarbons
- Clean Development Mechanism
- Climate Policy, U.S
- Clinton Administration
- Coal
- Common but Differentiated Responsibility
- Community-Based Adaptation
- Compliance
- Conservation
- Conservation Biology
- Culture
- Developing Countries
- Ecological Footprint
- Education
- Emissions, Baseline
- Emissions, Cement Industry
- Emissions, Trading
- Energy Efficiency
- Environmental History
- Flexibility Mechanisms
- Food Miles
- Forests
- Fossil Fuels
- Gender and Climate Change
- Geoengineering
- Geography
- Geospatial Technology
- Green Buildings
- Green Cities
- Green Design
- Green Economy
- Green Homes
- Greenhouse Gas Emissions
- Greenhouse Gas Regulation
- Gross National Product
- Gross Primary Production
- Health
- Human Rights and Climate Change
- Hydrofluorocarbons
- Indigenous Communities
- Industrialization
- Integrated Assessment
- Integrated Science Program
- Intensity Targets
- Inuit
- Land Use
- Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry
- Life Cycle Analysis
- Livelihoods
- Maximum Sustainable Yield
- Measurement and Assessment
- Media, Books, and Journals
- Media, Internet
- Media, TV
- Mitigation
- Movements, Environmental
- Needs and Wants
- Net Primary Production
- Nuclear Power
- Obama Administration
- Oil, Consumption of
- Oil, Production of
- Pollution, Air
- Pollution, Land
- Pollution, Water
- Population
- Poverty and Climate Change
- Precautionary Principle
- Preparedness
- Public Awareness
- Refugees, Environmental and Climate
- Religion
- Renewable Energy, Bioenergy
- Renewable Energy, Biomass
- Renewable Energy, Geothermal
- Renewable Energy, Overview
- Renewable Energy, Solar
- Renewable Energy, Wind
- Resources
- Risk
- Small Farmers
- Social Ecology
- Soil Organic Carbon
- Soils
- Sustainability
- Technology
- Technology Transfer
- Tourism
- Transportation
- Vulnerability
- Climate Change, Effects
- Afforestation
- Agriculture
- Aviation
- Chaos Theory
- Climate Change, Effects of
- Dangerous Anthropogenic Interference
- Deforestation
- Desertification
- Deserts
- Diseases
- Drought
- Economics, Cost of Affecting Climate Change
- Economics, Impact From Climate Change
- Ecosystems
- El Niño and La Niña
- Floods
- Food Production
- Glaciers, Retreating
- Global Warming
- Global Warming Debate
- Global Warming, Attribution of
- Global Warming, Impacts of
- Greenhouse Effect
- Marine Mammals
- Nitrous Oxide
- Penguins
- Perfluorocarbons
- Plants
- Polar Bears
- Rainfall Patterns
- Sea Level, Rising
- Species Extinction
- Sulfur Dioxide
- Sulfur Hexafluoride
- Transportation
- Tsunamis
- Climate Feedbacks
- Climate Models
- Atmospheric Component of Models
- Atmospheric General Circulation Models
- Climate Models
- Computer Models
- Energy Balance Models
- Historical Development of Climate Models
- Ice Component of Models
- Land Component of Models
- Modeling of Ice Ages
- Modeling of Ocean Circulation
- Modeling of Paleoclimates
- Ocean Component of Models
- Simulation and Predictability of Seasonal and Interannual Variations
- Validation of Climate Models
- Countries: Africa
- Algeria
- Angola
- Benin
- Botswana
- Brunei Darussalam
- Burkina Faso
- Burundi
- Côte d'Ivoire
- Cameroon
- Cape Verde
- Central African Republic
- Chad
- Comoros
- Congo
- Congo, Democratic Republic of
- Djibouti
- Egypt
- Equatorial Guinea
- Eritrea
- Ethiopia
- Gabon
- Gambia
- Ghana
- Guinea
- Guinea-Bissau
- Kenya
- Lesotho
- Liberia
- Madagascar
- Malawi
- Mali
- Mauritania
- Mauritius
- Morocco
- Mozambique
- Namibia
- Niger
- Nigeria
- Rwanda
- São Tomé and Princípe
- Senegal
- Sierra Leone
- Somalia
- South Africa
- Sudan
- Swaziland
- Tanzania
- Togo
- Tunisia
- Uganda
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
- Countries: Americas
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Argentina
- Bahamas
- Barbados
- Belize
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- Canada
- Chile
- Colombia
- Costa Rica
- Cuba
- Dominica
- Dominican Republic
- Ecuador
- El Salvador
- Grenada
- Guatemala
- Guyana
- Haiti
- Honduras
- Jamaica
- Mexico
- Nicaragua
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Saint Lucia
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- Suriname
- Trinidad and Tobago
- United States
- Uruguay
- Venezuela
- Countries: Asia
- Afghanistan
- Azerbaijan
- Bahrain
- Bangladesh
- Bhutan
- Cambodia
- China
- East Timor
- Georgia (Country)
- India
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Iraq
- Israel
- Japan
- Jordan
- Kazakhstan
- Korea, North
- Korea, South
- Kuwait
- Kyrgyzstan
- Laos
- Lebanon
- Malaysia
- Maldives
- Mongolia
- Myanmar
- Nepal
- Oman
- Pakistan
- Philippines
- Qatar
- Russia
- Saudi Arabia
- Seychelles
- Singapore
- Sri Lanka
- Syria
- Tajikistan
- Thailand
- Turkey
- Turkmenistan
- Ukraine
- United Arab Emirates
- Uzbekistan
- Vietnam
- Yemen
- Countries: Europe
- Albania
- Andorra
- Armenia
- Austria
- Belarus
- Belgium
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Bulgaria
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Iceland
- Ireland
- Italy
- Latvia
- Liechtenstein
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Macedonia
- Malta
- Moldova
- Monaco
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- San Marino
- Serbia
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- United Kingdom
- Countries: Pacific
- Glaciology
- Institutions Studying Climate Change
- Stern Review
- Alaska Climate Research Center
- Alliance of Small Island States
- Alliance to Save Energy
- American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy
- American Electric Power
- American Gas Association
- American Geophysical Union
- American Meteorological Society
- Annex I/B Countries
- Antarctic Meteorology Research Center
- Arizona
- Asia–Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate
- Atmosphere, Climate and Environment Information Programme
- Atmospheric Research and Information Centre
- California Institute of Technology
- Canadian Association for Renewable Energies
- Cantor Fitzgerald EBS
- Center for Clean Air Policy
- Center for Climate and Energy Solutions
- Center for Energy Efficiency
- Center for International Climate and Environmental Research
- Center for International Environmental Law
- Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies
- Center for Science and Environment
- Climate Action Network
- Climate Change Expert Group
- Climate Change Knowledge Network
- Climate Impacts LINK Project
- Climate Justice
- Climate Justice Now!
- Climatic Research Unit
- Colorado Climate Center
- Colorado State University
- Columbia University
- Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research
- Cornell University
- David Suzuki Foundation
- Desert Research Institute
- Doris Duke Charitable Foundation
- Ecological Society of America
- Edison Electric Institute
- Environmental Defense Fund
- Environmental Development Action in the Third World
- Environmental Financial Products, LLC
- European Commission
- European Union
- Florida International University
- Florida State University
- Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei
- Foundation for International Environmental Law and Development
- Friends of the Earth
- G77
- G8/G20
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
- Global Environment Facility
- Global Industrial and Social Progress Research Institute
- Greenpeace International
- Heinz Center
- Indiana University
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- International Council of Scientific Unions
- International Energy Agency
- International Solar Energy Society
- International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics
- Joint Institute for the Study of Atmosphere and Ocean
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Climate Modeling and Diagnostics Group
- Louisiana State University
- Marshall Institute
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Midwestern Regional Climate Center
- Mississippi State University
- National Academy of Sciences
- National Association of Energy Service Companies
- National Center for Atmospheric Research
- Natural Gas
- Natural Resources Defense Council
- Nongovernmental Organizations
- Ohio State University
- Oregon Climate Service
- Oregon State University
- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
- Princeton University
- Renewable Energy Policy Project
- Resources for the Future
- Royal Dutch/Shell Group
- Royal Meteorological Society
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography
- Solar Energy Industries Association
- Stanford University
- Stockholm Environment Institute
- Tata Energy Research Institute
- United States Global Change Research Program
- University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Joint Office for Science Support
- University of California, Berkeley
- University of Colorado
- University of East Anglia
- University of Hawai'i
- University of Maryland
- University of New Hampshire
- University of Oklahoma
- University of Washington
- Utah Climate Center
- Weather World 2010 Project
- Western Regional Climate Center
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
- World Bank
- World Business Council for Sustainable Development
- World Meteorological Organization
- World Resources Institute
- World Trade Organization
- World Wildlife Fund
- Worldwatch Institute
- Oceanography
- Agulhas Current
- Antarctic Circumpolar Current
- Arctic and Arctic Ocean
- Atlantic Ocean
- Benguela Current
- BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
- Current
- Ekman Layer
- Equatorial Countercurrent
- Equatorial Undercurrent
- Foraminifera
- Global Ocean Observing System
- Gulf Stream
- Indian Ocean
- Kuroshio Current
- Meridional Overturning Circulation
- Mixed Layer
- North Atlantic Oscillation
- Oceanic Changes
- Oceanography
- Offshoring Emissions
- Pacific Ocean
- Peruvian Current
- Phytoplankton
- Salinity
- Seawater, Composition of
- Somali Current
- Southern Ocean
- Thermocline
- Thermohaline Circulation
- Upwelling, Coastal
- Upwelling, Equatorial
- Western Boundary Currents
- Wind-Driven Circulation
- Zooplankton
- Paleoclimates
- People
- Arakawa, Akio
- Arrhenius, Svante August
- Bolin, Bert
- Broecker, Wallace
- Bryan, Kirk
- Bryson, Reid
- Budyko, Mikhail
- Chamberlin, Thomas C.
- Charney, Jule Gregory
- Croll, James
- Fourier, Joseph
- Gore, Albert, Jr.
- Hadley, George
- Hansen, James
- Keeling, Charles David
- Lindzen, Richard
- Lorenz, Edward
- Manabe, Syukuro
- Milankovitch, Milutin
- Munk, Walter
- Phillips, Norman
- Revelle, Roger
- Richardson, Lewis Fry
- Rossby, Carl-Gustav
- Schneider, Stephen H.
- Singer, S. Fred
- Smagorinsky, Joseph
- Stommel, Henry
- Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik
- Tyndall, John
- von Neumann, John
- Walker, Gilbert Thomas
- Washington, Warren
- Policies and Conventions
- Fourth Assessment Report
- Bali Roadmap
- Berlin Mandate
- Brazil Proposal
- Clean Air Act, U.S.
- Climap Project
- Conference of the Parties
- Copenhagen Summit/Conference
- Declaration of The Hague
- European Union Emissions Trading Scheme
- InterAcademy Council Report on IPCC
- International Geophysical Year
- International Geosphere-Biosphere Program
- Kyoto Protocol
- Marrakesh Accords
- Montreal Protocol
- No Regrets Options
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Documents
- Policy, International
- Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (UN-REDD)
- Rio+20
- Toronto Conference
- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
- Vienna Convention
- Villach Conference
- World Climate Research Programme
- World Weather Watch
- U.S. Government and International Agencies
- Air Force, U.S.
- Aurora
- Chamber of Commerce, U.S.
- Department of Defense, U.S.
- Department of Energy, U.S.
- Department of State, U.S.
- Department of the Interior, U.S.
- Environmental Protection Agency, U.S.
- Global Atmospheric Research Program
- Goddard Institute for Space Studies
- International Institute for Sustainable Development
- International Renewable Energy Agency
- International Research Institute for Climate and Society
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
- National Science Foundation
- Navy, U.S.
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- United Nations Development Programme
- United Nations Environment Programme
- World Health Organization
- U.S. States
- Alabama
- Alaska
- Arizona
- Arkansas
- California
- Colorado
- Connecticut
- Delaware
- Florida
- Georgia (U.S. State)
- Hawai'i
- Idaho
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Kentucky
- Louisiana
- Maine
- Maryland
- Massachusetts
- Michigan
- Minnesota
- Mississippi
- Missouri
- Montana
- Nebraska
- Nevada
- New Hampshire
- New Jersey
- New Mexico
- New York
- North Carolina
- North Dakota
- Ohio
- Oklahoma
- Oregon
- Pennsylvania
- Rhode Island
- South Carolina
- South Dakota
- Tennessee
- Texas
- Utah
- Vermont
- Virginia
- Washington
- West Virginia
- Wisconsin
- Wyoming
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