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Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML)
Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) is an ISO (International Organization for Standardization) standard file format for describing interactive 3D scenes that can be browsed over the Web. Its relevance to the GIS field lies in its ability to represent landscapes and urban environments in 3D, and also in the GeoVRML extension that supports geographic applications.
Background
The first version of VRML (pronounced “vermal”) was released in November 1994 and was heavily based upon the Open Inventor file format from Silicon Graphics, Inc. (SGI). This was superseded in 1996 by VRML2, which ultimately became the VRML97 international standard (ISO/IEC 14772–1:1997) in December 1997. In 2002, an amendment to the standard was published incorporating support for geographic applications (GeoVRML), among other new features.
VRML files are often referred to as ...
- Analytical Methods
- Analytical Cartography
- Cartographic Modeling
- Cost Surface
- Cost-Benefit Analysis
- Data Mining, Spatial
- Density
- Diffusion
- Ecological Fallacy
- Effects, First- and Second-Order
- Error Propagation
- Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA)
- Fragmentation
- Geocoding
- Geodemographics
- Geographical Analysis Machine (GAM)
- Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR)
- Georeferencing, Automated
- Geostatistics
- Geovisualization
- Image Processing
- Interpolation
- Intervisibility
- Kernel
- Location-Allocation Modeling
- Minimum Bounding Rectangle
- Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP)
- Multicriteria Evaluation
- Multidimensional Scaling (MDS)
- Multivalued Logic
- Network Analysis
- Optimization
- Outliers
- Pattern Analysis
- Polygon Operations
- Qualitative Analysis
- Regionalized Variables
- Slope Measures
- Spatial Analysis
- Spatial Autocorrelation
- Spatial Econometrics
- Spatial Filtering
- Spatial Interaction
- Spatial Statistics
- Spatial Weights
- Spatialization
- Spline
- Structured Query Language (SQL)
- Terrain Analysis
- Cartography and Visualization
- Analytical Cartography
- Cartograms
- Cartography
- Choropleth Map
- Classification, Data
- Datum
- Generalization, Cartographic
- Geovisualization
- Isoline
- Legend
- Multiscale Representations
- Multivariate Mapping
- National Map Accuracy Standards (NMAS)
- Normalization
- Projection
- Scale
- Shaded Relief
- Symbolization
- Three-Dimensional Visualization
- Tissot's Indicatrix
- Topographic Map
- Virtual Environments
- Visual Variables
- Conceptual Foundations
- Accuracy
- Aggregation
- Cognitive Science
- Direction
- Discrete versus Continuous Phenomena
- Distance
- Elevation
- Extent
- First Law of Geography
- Fractals
- Geographic Information Science (GISci)
- Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
- Geometric Primitives
- Isotropy
- Layer
- Logical Expressions
- Mathematical Model
- Mental Map
- Metaphor, Spatial and Map
- Nonstationarity
- Ontology
- Precision
- Representation
- Sampling
- Scale
- Scales of Measurement
- Semantic Interoperability
- Semantic Network
- Spatial Autocorrelation
- Spatial Cognition
- Spatial Heterogeneity
- Spatial Reasoning
- Spatial Relations, Qualitatitve
- Topology
- Uncertainty and Error
- Data Manipulation
- Data Modeling
- z-Values
- Computer-Aided Drafting (CAD)
- Data Modeling
- Data Structures
- Database Management System (DBMS)
- Database, Spatial
- Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
- Discrete versus Continuous Phenomena
- Elevation
- Extensible Markup Language (XML)
- Geometric Primitives
- Index, Spatial
- Integrity Constraints
- Layer
- Linear Referencing
- Network Data Structures
- Object Orientation (OO)
- Open Standards
- Raster
- Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG)
- Spatiotemporal Data Models
- Structured Query Language (SQL)
- Tessellation
- Three-Dimensional GIS
- Topology
- Triangulated Irregular Networks (TIN)
- Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML)
- Design Aspects
- Geocomputation
- Geospatial Data
- Accuracy
- Address Standard, U.S.
- Attributes
- BLOB
- Cadastre
- Census
- Census, U.S.
- Computer-Aided Drafting (CAD)
- Coordinate Systems
- Data Integration
- Datum
- Digital Chart of the World (DCW)
- Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
- Framework Data
- Gazetteers
- Geodesy
- Geodetic Control Framework
- Geography Markup Language (GML)
- Geoparsing
- Georeference
- Global Positioning System (GPS)
- Interoperability
- LiDAR
- Linear Referencing
- Metadata, Geospatial
- Metes and Bounds
- Minimum Mapping Unit (MMU)
- National Map Accuracy Standards (NMAS)
- Natural Area Coding System (NACS)
- Photogrammetry
- Postcodes
- Precision
- Projection
- Remote Sensing
- Scale
- Semantic Network
- Spatial Data Server
- Standards
- State Plane Coordinate System
- TIGER
- Topographic Map
- Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
- Organizational and Institutional Aspects
- Address Standard, U.S.
- Association of Geographic Information Laboratories for Europe (AGILE)
- Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS)
- Census, U.S.
- Chorley Report
- Coordination of Information on the Environment (CORINE)
- COSIT Conference Series
- Data Access Policies
- Data Warehouse
- Digital Chart of the World (DCW)
- Digital Earth
- Digital Library
- Distributed GIS
- Enterprise GIS
- Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI)
- ERDAS
- Experimental Cartography Unit (ECU)
- Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC)
- Framework Data
- Geomatics
- Geospatial Intelligence
- GIS/LIS Consortium and Conference Series
- Google Earth
- GRASS
- Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis
- IDRISI
- Intergraph
- Interoperability
- Land Information Systems
- Life Cycle
- Location-Based Services (LBS)
- Manifold GIS
- MapInfo
- Metadata, Geospatial
- MicroStation
- National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA)
- National Geodetic Survey (NGS)
- National Mapping Agencies
- Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)
- Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGF)
- Open Standards
- Ordnance Survey (OS)
- Quantitative Revolution
- Software, GIS
- Spatial Data Infrastructure
- Spatial Decision Support Systems
- Standards
- U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
- University Consortium for Geographic Information Science (UCGIS)
- Web GIS
- Web Service
- Societal Issues
- Access to Geographic Information
- Copyright and Intellectual Property Rights
- Critical GIS
- Cybergeography
- Data Access Policies
- Digital Library
- Economics of Geographic Information
- Ethics in the Profession
- Geographic Information Law
- Historical Studies, GIS for
- Liability Associated With Geographic Information
- Licenses, Data and Software
- Location-Based Services (LBS)
- Privacy
- Public Participation GIS (PPGIS)
- Qualitative Analysis
- Quantitative Revolution
- Spatial Literacy
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