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Geometric Correction
Geometric correction is the preprocessing method of removing positional distortions in remotely sensed data caused by the movement of the sensor. Unrectified images contain distortions in their planimetric (x, y) map locations due to variations in sensor parameters (altitude, attitude, and velocity), in the Earth's curvature, and in remote sensing systems. Geometric correction seeks to eliminate these distortions and to transform the image into a map projection system, so that the image could be used as a map and integrated with other thematic information and other maps.
Sources of Geometric Distortions
Geometric distortions are typically classified into (a) internal distortion resulting from the geometry of the sensor and Earth rotation or curvature characteristics and (b) external distortions resulting from the attitude of the sensor or the shape ...
- Physical Geography: Biogeography
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- Innovation, Geography of
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- Ethnic Segregation
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- Hunger
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- Masculinities and Geography
- Media and Geography
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- Natural Growth Rate
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- Pilgrimage
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- Time, Geographies of
- Toponymy
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- Vernacular Landscapes as Expressions of Environmental Ideas
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- Virtual Geographies
- Wayfinding
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- Human Geography: Urban Geography
- Commuting
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- Filtering
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- Nature and Society: Environment and People
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- Corporate Voluntary Environmental Initiatives and Self-Regulation
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- Cultural Ecology
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- Deforestation
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- Ecofeminism
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- Environment and Development
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- Population and Land Use
- Population, Environment, and Development
- Prairie Restoration
- Race and Nature
- Regional Environmental Planning
- Science, Technology, and Environment
- Social and Economic Impacts of Climate Change
- Social Construction of Nature
- Social Forestry
- Soil Conservation
- Soil Degradation
- Soil Depletion
- Soil Erosion
- Suitability Analysis
- Sustainability Science
- Sustainable Fisheries
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- Urban Sustainability
- Urban Water Supply
- Wilderness
- Wine Terroir
- Wise Use Movement
- Xeriscaping
- Nature and Society: Hazards and Disasters
- Avalanches
- Bhopal, India, Chemical Disaster
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- Coastal Hazards
- Differential Vulnerabilities to Hazards
- Disaster Prediction and Warning
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- Drought Risk and Hazard
- Flash Floods
- Floods
- Gender and Environmental Hazards
- Hurricane Katrina
- Hurricanes, Risk and Hazard
- Landslide
- Natural Hazards and Risk Analysis
- Oil Spills
- Remote Sensing in Disaster Response
- Risk Analysis and Assessment
- Three Mile Island Nuclear Accident
- Tsunami
- Tsunami of 2004, Indian Ocean
- Volcanic Eruptions as Risk and Hazard
- Vulnerability, Risks, and Hazards
- Wildfires: Risk and Hazard
- Nature and Society: Pollution and Waste
- Acid Rain
- Ambient Air Quality
- Atmospheric Pollution
- Brownfields
- Chemical Spills, Environment, and Society
- Coastal Dead Zones
- Coastal Zone and Marine Pollution
- Greenhouse Gases
- Heavy Metals as Pollutants
- Herbicides
- Landfills
- Love Canal
- Nonpoint Sources of Pollution
- Photochemical Smog
- Point Sources of Pollution
- Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
- Recycling of Municipal Solid Waste
- Urban Solid Waste Management
- Waste Incineration
- Wastewater Management
- Water Pollution
- Nature and Society: Resources and Conservation
- Biofuels
- Coal
- Common Pool Resources
- Common Property Resource Management
- Commons, Tragedy of the
- Community Forestry
- Community-Based Conservation
- Community-Based Environmental Planning
- Community-Based Natural Resource Management
- Conservation
- Conservation Zoning
- Distribution of Resource Access
- Energy Resources
- Extractive Reserves
- Geothermal Energy
- Governmentality and Conservation
- Green Building
- Green Design and Development
- Greenbelts
- Hydroelectric Power
- Landscape and Wildlife Conservation
- Nonrenewable Resources
- Nuclear Energy
- Open-Pit Mining
- Patches and Corridors in Wildlife Conservation
- Petroleum
- Political Economy of Resources
- Renewable Resources
- Resource Economics
- Resource Geography
- Resource Management, Decision Models in
- Resource Tenure
- Spatial Strategies of Conservation
- Strip Mining
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- Wind Energy
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- Nature and Society: Water
- Methods, Models, and GIS: Cartography
- Altitude
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- Equator
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- Indigenous Cartographies
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- Latitude
- Longitude
- Map Algebra
- Map Animation
- Map Design
- Map Evaluation and Testing
- Map Generalization
- Map Projections
- Map Visualization
- Multimedia Mapping
- Multivariate Mapping
- Participatory Mapping
- Poles, North and South
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- Self-Organizing Maps
- Surveying
- Trap Streets
- Typography in Map Design
- Virtual Globes
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- Methods, Models, and GIS: GIS
- Analytical Operations in GIS
- Business Models for Geographic Information Systems
- CAD Systems
- Cellular Automata
- Client-Server Architecture
- Collaborative GIS
- Conflation
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- Data Compression Methods
- Data Editing
- Data Format Conversion
- Data Indexing
- Data Querying in GIS
- Database Management Systems
- Database Versioning
- Digital Terrain Model
- Digitizing
- Distributed Computing
- Dynamic and Interactive Displays
- Enterprise GIS
- Error Propagation
- Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis
- Geocoding
- Geocollaboration
- Geocomputation
- Geographic Information Systems
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- GIS Implementation
- GIS in Archaeology
- GIS in Disaster Response
- GIS in Environmental Management
- GIS in Health Research and Health Care
- GIS in Land Use Management
- GIS in Local Government
- GIS in Public Policy
- GIS in Transportation
- GIS in Urban Planning
- GIS in Utilities
- GIS in Water Management
- GIS Software
- GIS Web Services
- GIS, Environmental Model Integration and
- GIScience
- Global Positioning System
- Google Earth
- Ground Reference Data
- Heuristic Methods in Spatial Analysis
- High-Performance Computing
- Humanistic GIScience
- Internet GIS
- Interoperability and Spatial Data Standards
- Legal Aspects of Geospatial Information
- Linear Referencing and Dynamic Segmentation
- Location-Based Services
- Metadata
- Mobile GIS
- Neogeography
- Network Analysis
- Network Data Model
- Ontological Foundations of Geographical Data
- Open Geodata Standards
- Open Source GIS
- Privacy and Security of Geospatial Information
- Public Participation GIS
- Scale in GIS
- Semantic Interoperability
- Semantic Reference Systems
- Spatial Data Infrastructures
- Spatial Data Integration
- Spatial Data Mining
- Spatial Data Models
- Spatial Data Structures
- Spatial Decision Support Systems
- Spatialization
- Supervised Classification
- Temporal GIS
- Temporal Resolution
- Terrain Analysis
- Three-Dimensional Data Models
- Topological Relationships
- Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) Data Model
- Unsupervised Classification
- Usability of Geospatial Information
- Vagueness in Spatial Data
- Vectorization
- Viewshed Analysis
- Virtual and Immersive Environments
- Web Geoprocessing Workflows
- Web Service Architectures for GIS
- Methods, Models, and GIS: Qualitative Techniques
- Methods, Models, and GIS: Quantitative Models
- Agent-Based Models
- Bayesian Statistics in Spatial Analysis
- Ecological Fallacy
- Fieldwork in Physical Geography
- Geographically Weighted Regression
- Geostatistics
- Location Quotients
- Location-Allocation Modeling
- Modifiable Areal Unit Problem
- Multivariate Analysis Methods
- Point Pattern Analysis
- Quantitative Methods
- Shortest-Path Problem
- Spatial Analysis
- Spatial Autocorrelation
- Spatial Econometrics
- Spatial Interaction Models
- Spatial Interpolation
- Spatial Multicriteria Evaluation
- Spatial Optimization Methods
- Spatial Statistics
- Methods, Models, and GIS: Remote Sensing
- Aerial Imagery: Data
- Aerial Imagery: Interpretation
- Atmospheric Remote Sensing
- Biophysical Remote Sensing
- Energy and Human Ecology
- Geosensor Networks
- Image Enhancement
- Image Fusion
- Image Interpretation
- Image Processing
- Image Registration
- Image Texture
- Imaging Spectroscopy
- LiDAR and Airborne Laser Scanning
- Microwave/RADAR Data
- Multispectral Imagery
- Multitemporal Imaging
- Object-Based Image Analysis
- Panchromatic Imagery
- Photogrammetric Methods
- Radiometric Correction
- Radiometric Normalization
- Radiometric Resolution
- Remote Sensing
- Remote Sensing: Platforms and Sensors
- Spatial Resolution
- Spectral Characteristics of Terrestrial Surfaces
- Spectral Resolution
- Spectral Transformations
- Stereoscopy and Orthoimagery
- Thermal Imagery
- History of Geography
- Annales School
- Anthropogeography
- Antipodes
- Berkeley School
- Biblical Mapping
- Cartography, History of
- Chicago School
- Chorology
- Darwinism and Geography
- Enlightenment
- Environmental Determinism
- Exploration
- GIS, History of
- Human Geography, History of
- Lewis and Clark Expedition
- Modernity
- Physical Geography, History of
- Quantitative Revolution
- Race and Empire
- Sequent Occupance
- Social Darwinism
- T-in-O Maps
- People, Organizations, and Movements: Biographies
- Abler, Ronald
- Agamben, Giorgio
- Agnew, John
- al-Idrisi
- Anaximander
- Anselin, Luc
- Antevs, Ernst
- Aristotle
- Armstrong, Marc
- Barrows, Harlan
- Batty, Michael
- Berry, Brian
- Biruni
- Blaikie, Piers
- Blaut, James
- Bourghassi, Carmina
- Bowman, Isaiah
- Bunge, William
- Buttimer, Anne
- Câmara, Gilberto
- Castells, Manuel
- Chorley, Richard
- Chrisman, Nicholas
- Christaller, Walter
- Clark, Andrew
- Clark, William
- Columbus, Christopher
- Cook, Captain James
- Cosgrove, Denis
- Dangermond, Jack
- Darby, Henry Clifford
- Davis, William Morris
- Dear, Michael
- Dendrochronology
- Desert Varnish
- Diamond, Jared
- Earle, Carville
- Eastman, Ronald
- Egenhofer, Max
- Eratosthenes
- Febvre, Lucien
- Fisher, Peter
- Fotheringham, A. Stewart
- Frank, Andrew
- Gama, Vasco da
- Getis, Arthur
- Giddens, Anthony
- Gilbert, Grove Karl
- Golledge, Reginald
- Goodchild, Michael
- Goode, J. Paul
- Gottmann, Jean
- Gould, Peter
- Gregory, Derek
- Guyot, Arnold
- Hägerstrand, Torsten
- Haggett, Peter
- Hanson, Susan
- Harley, Brian
- Hartshorne, Richard
- Harvey, David
- Haushofer, Karl
- Hayden, Ferdinand
- Herodotus
- Hettner, Alfred
- Hipparchus
- Hou Renzhi
- Hoyt, Homer
- Humboldt, Alexander von
- Huntington, Ellsworth
- Ibn Battuta
- Ibn Khaldün
- Isard, Walter
- Jackson, John Brinckerhoff
- Jefferson, Thomas
- Johnston, R. J.
- Köppen, Wladimir
- Kant, Immanuel
- Kates, Robert
- Kropotkin, Peter
- Kuhn, Werner
- Kwan, Mei-Po
- Lösch, August
- Lefebvre, Henri
- Lewis, Peirce
- Ley, David
- Lillesand, Thomas
- Livingstone, David
- Lynch, William
- MacEachren, Alan
- Mackinder, Sir Halford
- Magellan, Ferdinand
- Mahan, Alfred Thayer
- Marcus, Melvin G.
- Mark, David M.
- Marsh, George Perkins
- Massey, Doreen
- Mather, John Russell
- Maury, Matthew Fontaine
- McKnight, Tom L.
- Meinig, Donald
- Mercator, Gerardus
- Miller, Harvey J.
- Mitchell, Don
- Monmonier, Mark
- Morrill, Richard
- Morse, Jedediah
- Nyerges, Timothy
- Okabe, Atsuyuki
- Olsson, Gunnar
- Ortelius
- Parsons, James
- Peet, Richard
- Penck, Walther
- Peuquet, Donna
- Pickles, John
- Powell, John Wesley
- Pred, Allan
- Ptolemy
- Raisz, Erwin
- Ratzel, Friedrich
- Reclus, Élisée
- Relph, Edward
- Ritter, Carl
- Rose, Gillian
- Sauer, Carl
- Schaefer, Fred
- Scott, Allen
- Semple, Ellen Churchill
- Smith, Neil
- Soja, Edward
- Storper, Michael
- Strabo
- Strahler, Arthur
- Sui, Daniel
- Taylor, Griffith
- Taylor, Peter
- Thales
- Thornthwaite, C. Warren
- Thrift, Nigel
- Tobler, Waldo
- Tomlinson, Roger
- Trewartha, Glenn
- Troll, Carl
- Tuan, Yi-Fu
- Turner, Billie Lee, II
- Unwin, David
- Vance, James
- Varenius
- Vidal de la Blache, Paul
- Virilio, Paul
- Waldseemüller, Martin
- Walker, Richard
- Watts, Michael
- Weber, Alfred
- White, Gilbert
- Whittlesey, Derwent
- Wilson, John
- Wittfogel, Karl
- Wood, Denis
- Wright, Dawn
- Wright, John Kirtland
- Zelinsky, Wilbur
- People, Organizations, and Movements: Geographical Organizations
- American Geographical Society
- Association of American Geographers
- Association of Geographic Information Laboratories for Europe
- Canadian Association of Geographers
- Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers
- Institute of British Geographers
- International Geographical Union
- National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis
- National Council for Geographic Education
- National Geographic Society
- Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)
- Open Source Geospatial Foundation
- Regional Science Association International (RSAI)
- Royal Geographical Society
- Russian Geographical Society
- University Consortium for Geographic Information Science
- People, Organizations, and Movements: Political and Economic Organizations
- African Union
- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
- Association of Southeast Asian Nations
- Commonwealth of Independent States
- Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)
- European Union
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
- International Criminal Court
- International Monetary Fund
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
- North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
- United Nations
- World Bank
- World Court
- World Trade Organization (WTO)
- People, Organizations, and Movements: Scientific Organizations
- People, Organizations, and Movements: Social Movements
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