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Viewshed Analysis
Viewshed analysis, a form of visibility analysis that identifies visibility between points in a landscape, emerged as a geographic field several decades ago. Recent advances in software and computing power enabled viewshed analysis to become a common form of geographical analysis, and it is now a standard tool in many geographic information systems, enabling viewshed analysis to be used in a range of fields. The following entry discusses the techniques used to calculate and analyze viewsheds as well as the applications of viewshed analysis.
Figure 1 Sample viewshed
Source: Author.
Viewshed analysis is typically conducted as a raster-based operation in a GIS. It begins with the calculation of a viewshed, a two-dimensional (2D) projection of a view, using one of many algorithms (see DeFloriani & Magillo, 2003). ...
- Physical Geography: Biogeography
- Adaptive Radiation
- Animal Geographies
- Biodiversity
- Biogeochemical Cycles
- Biogeography
- Biome: Boreal Forest
- Biome: Desert
- Biome: Midlatitude Deciduous Forest
- Biome: Midlatitude Grassland
- Biome: Tropical Deciduous Forest
- Biome: Tropical Rain Forest
- Biome: Tropical Savanna
- Biome: Tropical Scrub
- Biome: Tundra
- Bioregionalism
- Biosphere Reserves
- Biota and Climate
- Biota and Soils
- Biota and Topography
- Biota Migration and Dispersal
- Coral Reef
- Ecoregions
- Ecoshed
- Ecosystem Decay
- Ecosystems
- Ecotone
- Exotic Species
- Extinctions
- Gaia Theory
- Great American Exchange
- Human-Induced Invasion of Species
- Invasion and Succession
- Island Biogeography
- Keystone Species
- Nutrient Cycles
- Organophosphates
- Peat
- Permaculture
- Phosphorus Cycle
- Prairies
- Pyrogeography
- Resilience
- Single Large or Several Small (SLOSS) Debate
- Species-Area Relationship
- Taphonomy
- Wetlands
- Physical Geography: Climatology
- Adiabatic Temperature Changes
- Air Masses
- Albedo
- Anthropogenic Climate Change
- Atmospheric Circulation
- Atmospheric Composition and Structure
- Atmospheric Energy Transfer
- Atmospheric Moisture
- Atmospheric Particulates across Scales
- Atmospheric Pressure
- Atmospheric Variations in Energy
- Carbon Cycle
- Carbon Trading and Carbon Offsets
- Carbonation
- Chinooks/Foehns
- Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
- Chlorofluorocarbons
- Climate Change
- Climate Policy
- Climate Types
- Climate: Dry
- Climate: Midlatitude, Mild
- Climate: Midlatitude, Severe
- Climate: Mountain
- Climate: Polar
- Climate: Tropical Humid
- Climatic Relict
- Climatology
- Clouds
- Coriolis Force
- Cyclones: Extratropical
- Cyclones: Occluded
- Derechos
- Differential Heating
- El Niño
- Equinox
- Filtration
- Fronts
- Global Sea-Level Rise
- Hadley Cell
- Humidity
- Hurricanes, Physical Geography of
- Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification
- Krummholtz
- La Niña
- Land-Water Breeze
- Lapse Rate
- Latent Heat
- Lightning
- Monsoons
- Precipitation Formation
- Precipitation, Global
- Radiation: Solar and Terrestrial
- Solar Energy
- Solstices
- Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
- Symptoms and Effects of Climate Change
- Teleconnections
- Temperature Patterns
- Thunderstorms
- Tornadoes
- Urban Heat Island
- Weather and Climate Controls
- Wind
- Physical Geography: Geomorphology
- Archipelago
- Arid Topography
- Atoll
- Barrier Islands
- Basin and Range Topography
- Caverns
- Coastal Erosion and Deposition
- Coral Reef Geomorphology
- Creep
- Delta
- Diastrophism
- Dunes
- Earthquakes
- Faulting
- Fjords
- Flocculation
- Floodplain
- Flow
- Folding
- Geologic Timescale
- Geomorphic Cycle
- Geomorphology
- Geothermal Features
- Glaciers: Continental
- Glaciers: Mountain
- Groundwater
- Gully Erosion
- Hydrological Connectivity
- Hydrology
- Ice
- Impermeable Surfaces
- Islands, Small
- Karst Topography
- Landforms
- Mass Wasting
- Minerals
- Nitrogen Cycle
- Oceanic Circulation
- Oceans
- Periglacial Environments
- Permafrost
- Plate Tectonics
- Playas
- Rill Erosion
- Rivers
- Rock Weathering
- Sedimentary Rock
- Sedimentation
- Soils
- Surface Water
- Volcanoes
- Wind Erosion
- Human Geography: Economic Geography
- Agglomeration Economies
- Applied Geography
- Automobile Industry
- Aviation and Geography
- Biotechnology Industry
- Business Cycles and Geography
- Business Geography
- Central Business District
- Central Place Theory
- Circuits of Capital
- Clusters
- Commodity Chains
- Comparative Advantage
- Competitive Advantage
- Cost-Benefit Analysis
- Crisis
- Debt and Debt Crisis
- Deindustrialization
- Dependency Theory
- Developing World
- Development Theory
- Division of Labor
- E-Commerce and Geography
- Economic Base Analysis
- Economic Geography
- Economies of Scale
- Economies of Scope
- Electronics Industry, Geography of
- Emerging Markets
- Euromarket
- Export Processing Zones
- Export-Led Development
- Externalities
- Factors Affecting Location of Firms
- Finance, Geography of
- Flexible Production
- Food, Geography of
- Fordism
- Foreign Aid
- Foreign Direct Investment
- Geospatial Industry
- Globalization
- Glocalization
- Gravity Model
- Gross Domestic Product/Gross National Product
- Growth Poles
- High Technology
- Import Substitution Industrialization
- Incubator Zones
- Industrial Districts
- Industrial Revolution
- Industrialization
- Informal Economy
- Information Society
- Infrastructure
- Innovation, Geography of
- Input-Output Models
- Knowledge Spillovers
- Knowledge, Geography of
- Labor, Geography of
- Learning Regions
- Location Theory
- Manufacturing Belt
- Marginal Regions
- Military Spending
- Modernization Theory
- Money, Geographies of
- Most Favored Nation Status
- Neocolonialism
- Neoliberalism
- New International Division of Labor
- Newly Industrializing Countries
- Offshore Finance
- Outsourcing
- Peasants and Peasantry
- Plantations
- Political Economy
- Ports and Maritime Trade
- Postindustrial Society
- Poverty
- Producer Services
- Product Cycle
- Railroads and Geography
- Real Estate, Geography and
- Regional Economic Development
- Regulation Theory
- Remittances
- Research and Development, Geographies of
- Restructuring
- Retail Trade, Geography of
- Rural Development
- Rural Geography
- Satellites and Geography
- Space of Flows
- Spatial Fix
- Steel Industry, Geography of
- Structural Adjustment
- Sustainable Development
- Sustainable Development Alternatives
- Technological Change, Geography of
- Telecommunications and Geography
- Textile Industry
- Thünen Model
- Trade
- Transnational Corporation
- Transportation Geography
- Underdevelopment
- Uneven Development
- Human Geography: Geographical Theory
- Absolute Space
- Actor-Network Theory
- Anarchism and Geography
- Behavioral Geography
- Complex Systems Models
- Complexity Theory
- Cosmopolitanism
- Critical Human Geography
- Cultural Turn
- Cyborg Ecologies
- Difference, Geographies of
- Discourse and Geography
- Empiricism
- Epistemology
- Ethics, Geography and
- Ethnocentrism
- Eurocentrism
- Existentialism and Geography
- Feminist Geographies
- Feminist Methodologies
- Gender and Geography
- Historicism
- Humanistic Geography
- Hybrid Geographies
- Idiographic
- Locality
- Logical Positivism
- Malthusianism
- Marxism, Geography and
- Models and Modeling
- Nomothetic
- Nonrepresentational Theory
- Ontology
- Orientalism
- Other/Otherness
- Panopticon
- Path Dependence
- Phenomenology
- Place
- Postcolonialism
- Postmodernism
- Poststructuralism
- Production of Space
- Queer Theory
- Race and Racism
- Radical Geography
- Realism
- Regional Geography
- Regional Science
- Regions and Regionalism
- Relative/Relational Space
- Representations of Space
- Scale, Social Production of
- Science and Technology Studies
- Sense of Place
- Situated Knowledge
- Spaces of Representation/Representational Spaces
- Spatial Turn
- Spatially Integrated Social Sciences
- Structuralism
- Structuration Theory
- Subaltern Studies
- Text/Textuality
- Time-Geography
- Time-Space Compression
- Vision and Geography
- Human Geography: Medical Geography
- Human Geography: Political Geography
- Borderlands
- Borders and Boundaries
- Cold War, Geography of
- Colonialism
- Communism and Geography
- Critical Geopolitics
- Cross-Border Cooperation
- Decolonization
- Democracy
- Deterritorialization and Reterritorialization
- Domino Theory
- Electoral Geography
- Frontiers
- Geopolitics
- Governance
- Hegemony
- Imperialism
- Military Geography
- Nation
- Nationalism
- Political Geography
- Public Policy, Geography of
- Redistricting
- Regional Governance
- Socialism and Geography
- Sovereignty
- State
- Supranational Integration
- Territory
- Transnationalism
- War, Geography of
- World-Systems Theory
- Human Geography: Social and Cultural Geography
- Accessibility
- Antiglobalization
- Antisystemic Movements
- Architecture and Geography
- Art and Geography
- Automobility
- Blindness and Geography
- Body, Geography of
- Built Environment
- Census
- Census Tracts
- Childhood Spatial and Environmental Learning
- Children, Geography of
- Citizenship
- Civil Society
- Class, Geography and
- Communications Geography
- Consumption, Geographies of
- Crime, Geography of
- Cultural Geography
- Cultural Landscape
- Cyberspace
- Demographic Transition
- Diaspora
- Diffusion
- Digital Divide
- Disability, Geography of
- Distance Decay
- Drugs, Geography of
- Education, Geographies of
- Elderly, Geography and the
- Emotions, Geography and
- Ethnic Segregation
- Ethnicity
- Everyday Life, Geography and
- Extreme Geography
- Famine, Geography of
- Fear, Geographies of
- Fertility Rate
- Film and Geography
- Folk Culture and Geography
- Gays and Lesbians, Geography and/of
- Genocide, Geographies of
- Geodemographics
- Geographical Ignorance
- Geographical Imagination
- Geography Education
- Geomancy
- Geophagy
- Geoslavery
- Hate, Geographies of
- Historical Geography
- Home
- Human Rights, Geography and
- Hunger
- Identity, Geography and
- Immigration
- Indigeneity
- Inequality and Geography
- Justice, Geography of
- Languages, Geography and/of
- Law, Geography of
- Literature, Geography and
- Masculinities and Geography
- Media and Geography
- Mental Maps
- Migration
- Mobility
- Mortality Rate
- Music and Sound, Geography and
- Natural Growth Rate
- Nonvisual Geographies
- Palimpsest
- Patriarchy, Geography and
- Photography, Geography and
- Pilgrimage
- Place Names
- Place Promotion
- Popular Culture, Geography and
- Population Density
- Population Geography
- Population Pyramid
- Psychoanalysis, Geography and
- Racial Segregation
- Refugees
- Religion, Geography and
- Resistance, Geographies of
- Segregation and Geography
- Sexuality, Geography and/of
- Social Geography
- Social Justice
- Spatial Cognition
- Spatial Cognitive Engineering
- Spatial Inequality
- Sports, Geography of
- Surveillance
- Symbolism and Place
- Television and Geography
- Terrorism, Geography of
- Time, Geographies of
- Toponymy
- Topophilia
- Tourism
- Travel Writing, Geography and
- Vernacular Landscapes as Expressions of Environmental Ideas
- Video Games, Geography and
- Virtual Geographies
- Wayfinding
- Whiteness
- Wine, Geography of
- Human Geography: Urban Geography
- Commuting
- Counterurbanization
- Exurbs
- Filtering
- Gated Community
- Gentrification
- Ghetto
- Growth Machine
- Historic Preservation
- Homelessness
- Housing and Housing Markets
- Housing Policy
- Los Angeles School
- Metropolitan Area
- Neighborhood
- New Urbanism
- Not in My Backyard (NIMBY)
- Participatory Planning
- Primate Cities
- Public Housing
- Public Space
- Public-Private Partnerships
- Rank-Size Rule
- Rent-Gap
- Rural-Urban Migration
- Settlement Geography
- Smart Growth
- Squatter Settlements
- Suburban Land Use
- Suburbs and Suburbanization
- Sunbelt
- Sustainable Cities
- Township and Range System
- Urban and Regional Development
- Urban and Regional Planning
- Urban Ecology
- Urban Environmental Studies
- Urban Gardens
- Urban Geography
- Urban Green Space
- Urban Hierarchy
- Urban Land Use
- Urban Planning and Geography
- Urban Policy
- Urban Spatial Structure
- Urban Sprawl
- Urban Underclass
- Urbanization
- World Cities
- Zoning
- Nature and Society: Agriculture
- Agricultural Biotechnology
- Agricultural Intensification
- Agricultural Land Use
- Agriculture, Industrialized
- Agriculture, Preindustrial
- Agrobiodiversity
- Agrochemical Pollution
- Agroecology
- Agrofoods
- Agroforestry
- Aquaculture
- Bush Fallow Farming
- Centers of Domestication
- Crop Genetic Diversity
- Crop Rotation
- Environmental Impacts of Agriculture
- Fish Farming
- Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
- Indigenous Agriculture
- Marine Aquaculture
- Mixed Farming
- Organic Agriculture
- Shifting Cultivation
- Sustainable Agriculture
- Nature and Society: Environment and People
- Adaptive Harvest Management
- Biotechnology and Ecological Risk
- Carrying Capacity
- Chipko Movement
- Class, Nature and
- Corporate Voluntary Environmental Initiatives and Self-Regulation
- Coupled Human and Animal Systems
- Coupled Human and Natural Systems
- Critical Studies of Nature
- Cultural Ecology
- Deep Ecology Movements
- Deforestation
- Desertification
- Domestication of Animals
- Domestication of Plants
- Ecofeminism
- Ecological Economics
- Ecological Footprint
- Ecological Imaginaries
- Ecological Justice
- Ecological Modernization
- Ecological Regimes
- Ecological Risk Analysis
- Ecological Zones
- Ecotourism
- Energy Models
- Energy Policy
- Environment and Development
- Environmental Certification
- Environmental Discourse
- Environmental Entitlements
- Environmental Ethics
- Environmental History
- Environmental Imaginaries
- Environmental Impact Assessment
- Environmental Impact Statement
- Environmental Impacts of Cities
- Environmental Impacts of Manufacturing
- Environmental Impacts of Oil Fields
- Environmental Impacts of Pipelines
- Environmental Impacts of Roads
- Environmental Impacts of Tourism
- Environmental Impacts of War
- Environmental Justice
- Environmental Law
- Environmental Management
- Environmental Management: Drylands
- Environmental Perception
- Environmental Planning
- Environmental Protection
- Environmental Racism
- Environmental Refugees
- Environmental Restoration
- Environmental Rights
- Environmental Security
- Environmental Services
- Ethnicity and Nature
- Everglades Restoration
- Fair Trade and Environmental Certification
- Feminist Environmental Geographies
- Feminist Environmentalism
- Feminist Political Ecology
- Forest Degradation
- Forest Fragmentation
- Forest Land Use
- Forest Restoration
- Game Ranching
- Gender and Nature
- Global Environmental Change
- Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change
- Human Ecology
- Hunting and Gathering
- Hybridization of Plant and Animal Species
- Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas
- Indigenous Environmental Knowledge
- Indigenous Environmental Practices
- Indigenous Forestry
- Indigenous Reserves
- Industrial Ecology
- Intergovernmental Environmental Organizations and Initiatives
- Land Degradation
- Land Reform
- Land Tenure
- Land Tenure Reform
- Land Use
- Land Use Analysis
- Land Use and Cover Change (LUCC)
- Land Use History
- Land Use Planning
- Landscape Architecture
- Landscape Biodiversity
- Landscape Design
- Landscape Ecology
- Landscape Interpretation
- Landscape Quality Assessment
- Landscape Restoration
- Locally Unwanted Land Uses (LULUs)
- Market-Based Environmental Regulation
- Mining and Geography
- Multistakeholder Participation
- Nature
- Nature-Society Theory
- Neoliberal Environmental Policy
- Neo-Malthusianism
- Nomadic Herding
- Nomadism
- Open Space
- Parks and Reserves
- Pest Management
- Pesticides
- Political Ecology
- Population and Land Degradation
- Population and Land Use
- Population, Environment, and Development
- Prairie Restoration
- Race and Nature
- Regional Environmental Planning
- Science, Technology, and Environment
- Social and Economic Impacts of Climate Change
- Social Construction of Nature
- Social Forestry
- Soil Conservation
- Soil Degradation
- Soil Depletion
- Soil Erosion
- Suitability Analysis
- Sustainability Science
- Sustainable Fisheries
- Sustainable Forestry
- Sustainable Production
- Urban Metabolism
- Urban Storm Water Management
- Urban Sustainability
- Urban Water Supply
- Wilderness
- Wine Terroir
- Wise Use Movement
- Xeriscaping
- Nature and Society: Hazards and Disasters
- Avalanches
- Bhopal, India, Chemical Disaster
- Chernobyl Nuclear Accident
- Coastal Hazards
- Differential Vulnerabilities to Hazards
- Disaster Prediction and Warning
- Disaster Preparedness
- Drought Risk and Hazard
- Flash Floods
- Floods
- Gender and Environmental Hazards
- Hurricane Katrina
- Hurricanes, Risk and Hazard
- Landslide
- Natural Hazards and Risk Analysis
- Oil Spills
- Remote Sensing in Disaster Response
- Risk Analysis and Assessment
- Three Mile Island Nuclear Accident
- Tsunami
- Tsunami of 2004, Indian Ocean
- Volcanic Eruptions as Risk and Hazard
- Vulnerability, Risks, and Hazards
- Wildfires: Risk and Hazard
- Nature and Society: Pollution and Waste
- Acid Rain
- Ambient Air Quality
- Atmospheric Pollution
- Brownfields
- Chemical Spills, Environment, and Society
- Coastal Dead Zones
- Coastal Zone and Marine Pollution
- Greenhouse Gases
- Heavy Metals as Pollutants
- Herbicides
- Landfills
- Love Canal
- Nonpoint Sources of Pollution
- Photochemical Smog
- Point Sources of Pollution
- Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
- Recycling of Municipal Solid Waste
- Urban Solid Waste Management
- Waste Incineration
- Wastewater Management
- Water Pollution
- Nature and Society: Resources and Conservation
- Biofuels
- Coal
- Common Pool Resources
- Common Property Resource Management
- Commons, Tragedy of the
- Community Forestry
- Community-Based Conservation
- Community-Based Environmental Planning
- Community-Based Natural Resource Management
- Conservation
- Conservation Zoning
- Distribution of Resource Access
- Energy Resources
- Extractive Reserves
- Geothermal Energy
- Governmentality and Conservation
- Green Building
- Green Design and Development
- Greenbelts
- Hydroelectric Power
- Landscape and Wildlife Conservation
- Nonrenewable Resources
- Nuclear Energy
- Open-Pit Mining
- Patches and Corridors in Wildlife Conservation
- Petroleum
- Political Economy of Resources
- Renewable Resources
- Resource Economics
- Resource Geography
- Resource Management, Decision Models in
- Resource Tenure
- Spatial Strategies of Conservation
- Strip Mining
- Timber Plantations
- Tree Farming
- Wind Energy
- Woodfuel
- Nature and Society: Water
- Methods, Models, and GIS: Cartography
- Altitude
- Argumentation Maps
- Cadastral Systems
- Cartograms
- Cartography
- Choropleth Maps
- Color in Map Design
- Coordinate Geometry
- Coordinate Systems
- Coordinate Transformations
- Countermapping
- Dasymetric Maps
- Data Classification Schemes
- Datums
- Dot Density Maps
- Earth's Coordinate Grid
- Ecological Mapping
- Electronic Atlases
- Environmental Mapping
- Equator
- Flow Maps
- Gazetteers
- Geodesy
- Geolibraries
- Geometric Correction
- Geometric Measures
- Indigenous Cartographies
- Isopleth Maps
- Land Use and Land Cover Mapping
- Latitude
- Longitude
- Map Algebra
- Map Animation
- Map Design
- Map Evaluation and Testing
- Map Generalization
- Map Projections
- Map Visualization
- Multimedia Mapping
- Multivariate Mapping
- Participatory Mapping
- Poles, North and South
- Portolan Charts
- Resource Mapping
- Self-Organizing Maps
- Surveying
- Trap Streets
- Typography in Map Design
- Virtual Globes
- Voronoi Diagrams
- Methods, Models, and GIS: GIS
- Analytical Operations in GIS
- Business Models for Geographic Information Systems
- CAD Systems
- Cellular Automata
- Client-Server Architecture
- Collaborative GIS
- Conflation
- Critical GIS
- Data Compression Methods
- Data Editing
- Data Format Conversion
- Data Indexing
- Data Querying in GIS
- Database Management Systems
- Database Versioning
- Digital Terrain Model
- Digitizing
- Distributed Computing
- Dynamic and Interactive Displays
- Enterprise GIS
- Error Propagation
- Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis
- Geocoding
- Geocollaboration
- Geocomputation
- Geographic Information Systems
- Geospatial Semantic Web
- GIS Design
- GIS Implementation
- GIS in Archaeology
- GIS in Disaster Response
- GIS in Environmental Management
- GIS in Health Research and Health Care
- GIS in Land Use Management
- GIS in Local Government
- GIS in Public Policy
- GIS in Transportation
- GIS in Urban Planning
- GIS in Utilities
- GIS in Water Management
- GIS Software
- GIS Web Services
- GIS, Environmental Model Integration and
- GIScience
- Global Positioning System
- Google Earth
- Ground Reference Data
- Heuristic Methods in Spatial Analysis
- High-Performance Computing
- Humanistic GIScience
- Internet GIS
- Interoperability and Spatial Data Standards
- Legal Aspects of Geospatial Information
- Linear Referencing and Dynamic Segmentation
- Location-Based Services
- Metadata
- Mobile GIS
- Neogeography
- Network Analysis
- Network Data Model
- Ontological Foundations of Geographical Data
- Open Geodata Standards
- Open Source GIS
- Privacy and Security of Geospatial Information
- Public Participation GIS
- Scale in GIS
- Semantic Interoperability
- Semantic Reference Systems
- Spatial Data Infrastructures
- Spatial Data Integration
- Spatial Data Mining
- Spatial Data Models
- Spatial Data Structures
- Spatial Decision Support Systems
- Spatialization
- Supervised Classification
- Temporal GIS
- Temporal Resolution
- Terrain Analysis
- Three-Dimensional Data Models
- Topological Relationships
- Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) Data Model
- Unsupervised Classification
- Usability of Geospatial Information
- Vagueness in Spatial Data
- Vectorization
- Viewshed Analysis
- Virtual and Immersive Environments
- Web Geoprocessing Workflows
- Web Service Architectures for GIS
- Methods, Models, and GIS: Qualitative Techniques
- Methods, Models, and GIS: Quantitative Models
- Agent-Based Models
- Bayesian Statistics in Spatial Analysis
- Ecological Fallacy
- Fieldwork in Physical Geography
- Geographically Weighted Regression
- Geostatistics
- Location Quotients
- Location-Allocation Modeling
- Modifiable Areal Unit Problem
- Multivariate Analysis Methods
- Point Pattern Analysis
- Quantitative Methods
- Shortest-Path Problem
- Spatial Analysis
- Spatial Autocorrelation
- Spatial Econometrics
- Spatial Interaction Models
- Spatial Interpolation
- Spatial Multicriteria Evaluation
- Spatial Optimization Methods
- Spatial Statistics
- Methods, Models, and GIS: Remote Sensing
- Aerial Imagery: Data
- Aerial Imagery: Interpretation
- Atmospheric Remote Sensing
- Biophysical Remote Sensing
- Energy and Human Ecology
- Geosensor Networks
- Image Enhancement
- Image Fusion
- Image Interpretation
- Image Processing
- Image Registration
- Image Texture
- Imaging Spectroscopy
- LiDAR and Airborne Laser Scanning
- Microwave/RADAR Data
- Multispectral Imagery
- Multitemporal Imaging
- Object-Based Image Analysis
- Panchromatic Imagery
- Photogrammetric Methods
- Radiometric Correction
- Radiometric Normalization
- Radiometric Resolution
- Remote Sensing
- Remote Sensing: Platforms and Sensors
- Spatial Resolution
- Spectral Characteristics of Terrestrial Surfaces
- Spectral Resolution
- Spectral Transformations
- Stereoscopy and Orthoimagery
- Thermal Imagery
- History of Geography
- Annales School
- Anthropogeography
- Antipodes
- Berkeley School
- Biblical Mapping
- Cartography, History of
- Chicago School
- Chorology
- Darwinism and Geography
- Enlightenment
- Environmental Determinism
- Exploration
- GIS, History of
- Human Geography, History of
- Lewis and Clark Expedition
- Modernity
- Physical Geography, History of
- Quantitative Revolution
- Race and Empire
- Sequent Occupance
- Social Darwinism
- T-in-O Maps
- People, Organizations, and Movements: Biographies
- Abler, Ronald
- Agamben, Giorgio
- Agnew, John
- al-Idrisi
- Anaximander
- Anselin, Luc
- Antevs, Ernst
- Aristotle
- Armstrong, Marc
- Barrows, Harlan
- Batty, Michael
- Berry, Brian
- Biruni
- Blaikie, Piers
- Blaut, James
- Bourghassi, Carmina
- Bowman, Isaiah
- Bunge, William
- Buttimer, Anne
- Câmara, Gilberto
- Castells, Manuel
- Chorley, Richard
- Chrisman, Nicholas
- Christaller, Walter
- Clark, Andrew
- Clark, William
- Columbus, Christopher
- Cook, Captain James
- Cosgrove, Denis
- Dangermond, Jack
- Darby, Henry Clifford
- Davis, William Morris
- Dear, Michael
- Dendrochronology
- Desert Varnish
- Diamond, Jared
- Earle, Carville
- Eastman, Ronald
- Egenhofer, Max
- Eratosthenes
- Febvre, Lucien
- Fisher, Peter
- Fotheringham, A. Stewart
- Frank, Andrew
- Gama, Vasco da
- Getis, Arthur
- Giddens, Anthony
- Gilbert, Grove Karl
- Golledge, Reginald
- Goodchild, Michael
- Goode, J. Paul
- Gottmann, Jean
- Gould, Peter
- Gregory, Derek
- Guyot, Arnold
- Hägerstrand, Torsten
- Haggett, Peter
- Hanson, Susan
- Harley, Brian
- Hartshorne, Richard
- Harvey, David
- Haushofer, Karl
- Hayden, Ferdinand
- Herodotus
- Hettner, Alfred
- Hipparchus
- Hou Renzhi
- Hoyt, Homer
- Humboldt, Alexander von
- Huntington, Ellsworth
- Ibn Battuta
- Ibn Khaldün
- Isard, Walter
- Jackson, John Brinckerhoff
- Jefferson, Thomas
- Johnston, R. J.
- Köppen, Wladimir
- Kant, Immanuel
- Kates, Robert
- Kropotkin, Peter
- Kuhn, Werner
- Kwan, Mei-Po
- Lösch, August
- Lefebvre, Henri
- Lewis, Peirce
- Ley, David
- Lillesand, Thomas
- Livingstone, David
- Lynch, William
- MacEachren, Alan
- Mackinder, Sir Halford
- Magellan, Ferdinand
- Mahan, Alfred Thayer
- Marcus, Melvin G.
- Mark, David M.
- Marsh, George Perkins
- Massey, Doreen
- Mather, John Russell
- Maury, Matthew Fontaine
- McKnight, Tom L.
- Meinig, Donald
- Mercator, Gerardus
- Miller, Harvey J.
- Mitchell, Don
- Monmonier, Mark
- Morrill, Richard
- Morse, Jedediah
- Nyerges, Timothy
- Okabe, Atsuyuki
- Olsson, Gunnar
- Ortelius
- Parsons, James
- Peet, Richard
- Penck, Walther
- Peuquet, Donna
- Pickles, John
- Powell, John Wesley
- Pred, Allan
- Ptolemy
- Raisz, Erwin
- Ratzel, Friedrich
- Reclus, Élisée
- Relph, Edward
- Ritter, Carl
- Rose, Gillian
- Sauer, Carl
- Schaefer, Fred
- Scott, Allen
- Semple, Ellen Churchill
- Smith, Neil
- Soja, Edward
- Storper, Michael
- Strabo
- Strahler, Arthur
- Sui, Daniel
- Taylor, Griffith
- Taylor, Peter
- Thales
- Thornthwaite, C. Warren
- Thrift, Nigel
- Tobler, Waldo
- Tomlinson, Roger
- Trewartha, Glenn
- Troll, Carl
- Tuan, Yi-Fu
- Turner, Billie Lee, II
- Unwin, David
- Vance, James
- Varenius
- Vidal de la Blache, Paul
- Virilio, Paul
- Waldseemüller, Martin
- Walker, Richard
- Watts, Michael
- Weber, Alfred
- White, Gilbert
- Whittlesey, Derwent
- Wilson, John
- Wittfogel, Karl
- Wood, Denis
- Wright, Dawn
- Wright, John Kirtland
- Zelinsky, Wilbur
- People, Organizations, and Movements: Geographical Organizations
- American Geographical Society
- Association of American Geographers
- Association of Geographic Information Laboratories for Europe
- Canadian Association of Geographers
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- Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)
- Open Source Geospatial Foundation
- Regional Science Association International (RSAI)
- Royal Geographical Society
- Russian Geographical Society
- University Consortium for Geographic Information Science
- People, Organizations, and Movements: Political and Economic Organizations
- African Union
- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
- Association of Southeast Asian Nations
- Commonwealth of Independent States
- Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)
- European Union
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- People, Organizations, and Movements: Scientific Organizations
- People, Organizations, and Movements: Social Movements
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