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Teachers, Professional Status of
In various historical and societal contexts, teaching has been considered a profession—or not—as the result of a historical process in which teachers have experienced professionalization, deprofessionalization, or proletarianization. This entry discusses the professional status of teachers from functionalist and conflict perspectives.
Functionalist Perspective
From a functionalist perspective, professionalism is tied directly to a positive “social fact”: that there are professions (prototypically medicine and law), non-professions, and “semi-professions.” In this view, professionals are differentiated from workers in other occupations because they (a) perform an essential service or task; (b) engage in mental versus manual work; (c) function based on an ideal of service; (d) gain their expertise and values through extensive preservice education; (e) operate with autonomy in the workplace; (f) have colleagues (versus nonprofessionals) in control of ...
- Arts, Media, and Technology
- Adaptive Technology
- Aesthetics in Education
- Arts Education Policy
- Assistive Technology
- Audiovisual Education, History of
- Channel One
- Computer-Assisted Instruction
- Computing, Ethical Issues
- Cultural Literacy
- Digital Divide
- Distance Learning
- Folklore
- Great Books of the Western World
- Images of Teachers in Popular Culture
- International Expositions
- Internet, Social Impact of
- Journalism and Education
- Media Literacy
- Multicultural Education
- Popular Culture
- Rap Music and Oral Literacy
- Technoliteracy
- Technologies in Education
- Television, Public Educational
- Video Games and Learning
- Visual Instruction Movement
- Curriculum
- Abstinence-Only Sexual Education
- Afrocentric Education
- Alternative Schools
- Antiracist Education
- Arts Education Policy
- Biography
- Catechisms
- Citizenship Education
- Classical Curriculum
- Comparative and International Education
- Comprehensive High Schools
- Confederate Textbooks
- Cooperative Learning
- Critical Geographies of Education
- Critical Literacy
- Critical Mathematics
- Critical Psychology
- Critical Thinking
- Cultural Literacy
- Cultural Pluralism
- Cultural Studies
- Culturally Responsive Teaching
- Curriculum Challenges in Schools
- Curriculum Theory
- Delinquency Education
- Democracy and Education
- Discrimination and Prejudice
- Drug Education
- Ecojustice and Social Justice
- Engineering Education, Origins and History of
- Foreign Language Instruction
- Hidden and Null Curriculum
- HIV/AIDS
- Holocaust Education
- Immigrant Education: Contemporary Issues
- Indigenous Knowledges
- Life Adjustment Movement
- Life Histories
- Mainstreaming
- Manual and Industrial Training
- Medical Education
- Migrant Education
- Miseducation
- Moral Education
- Multicultural Education
- New England Primer, The
- Normal Schools, History of
- Nursing Education, History of
- Oral History
- Peace Education
- Penmanship
- Philosophy of Education
- Phonics and Whole Language
- Physical Education in American Schools
- Place-Based Education
- Postcolonialism
- Postmodernism
- Progressive Education
- Psychoanalysis and Education
- Queer Theory
- Reading, History of
- Religion in the Public School Curriculum
- Rural Education
- Science, Impact on Twentieth-Century Education
- Science, Technology, and Education: Historical Perspectives
- Service Learning
- Social Justice, Education for
- Social Studies Education
- Spirituality and Schooling
- Sputnik
- Standards
- Technoliteracy
- Textbooks, History of
- Trivium and Quadrivium
- Values Education
- Visual Instruction Movement
- Visual Literacy
- Work-Based Learning
- Economic Issues
- Advertising in Schools
- Boards of Education
- Bureaucracy
- Busing
- Child Labor
- Class Size
- Commercialization of Schools
- Company-Sponsored Schooling
- Corporate Involvement in Education
- Economic Inequality
- Education and Economic Development
- Family, School, and Community Partnerships
- Federal and State Educational Jurisdiction
- Fundraising in Schools
- Great Depression
- Hegemony
- Homeless Children and Adolescents, Education of
- Julius Rosenwald Fund
- Lunch Programs
- Migrant Education
- Phelps Stokes Fund
- Philanthropy, Educational
- Privatization
- School Funding
- State Role in Education
- United Negro College Fund
- Vending Machines in Schools
- Equality and Social Stratification
- “Scientific” Racism
- Achievement Gap
- Affirmative Action
- Antiracist Education
- Bilingual Education, History of
- Civil Rights Movement
- Colorblindness
- Culture-Fair Testing
- Desegregation
- Digital Divide
- Disabilities and the Politics of Schooling
- Disabilities, Physical Accommodations for People With
- Discrimination and Prejudice
- Ecojustice and Social Justice
- Economic Inequality
- Educational Equity: Gender
- Educational Equity: Race/Ethnicity
- English-Only Movement
- Equal Access Act
- Gifted Education, Diversity Issues and
- Gifted Education, Policy Issues
- Global Child Advocacy
- Head Start
- Human Rights Education
- Individuals With Disabilities Education Act
- Learning Disabilities and English Language Learners
- Learning Disabilities and Higher Education Access
- Least Restrictive Environment
- Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered Students and Teachers: Rights of
- Marxism
- Mexican Americans and Access to Equal Educational Opportunities
- Migrant Education
- Minority Disproportionality in Special Education
- Minority Student Access to Higher Education
- Native American Education, History of
- Postcolonialism
- Privilege
- School Choice
- School Funding
- Slave Codes and Literacy
- Social Justice, Education for
- Special Education, Contemporary Issues
- Special Education, History of
- Tracking and Detracking
- Vulnerability
- White Privilege
- Evaluation, Testing, and Research Methods
- Accountability
- Achievement Gap
- Achievement Tests
- Authentic Assessment
- Culture-Fair Testing
- Educational Indicators
- Educational Reform
- Gallup Polls
- Hawthorne Effect
- High-Stakes Testing
- History Standards, National
- Intelligence Testing
- Intelligence, Theories of
- Mixed Methods Research
- Nation at Risk, A
- No Child Left Behind Act
- Observation Research
- Plagiarism
- Pygmalion Effect
- Qualitative Research
- Standardized Testing
- Teachers as Researchers
- Testing, History of Educational
- U.S. Department of Education
- History of Education
- Activism and the Social Foundations of Education
- Activist Teachers
- After-School Education
- American Education, Themes in the History of
- American Sign Language
- Biliteracy
- Catholic Education, History of
- Chautauqua Movement
- Child Labor
- Committee of Eight
- Committee of Fifteen
- Committee of Seven
- Committee of Ten
- Community of Practice
- Compensatory Education
- Desegregation Academies
- Early Childhood Education
- Education in the New American Republic
- Education, Aims of
- Education, History of
- Educational Anthropology
- Educational Research, History of
- Eugenics
- Family Literacy
- Folklore
- Free School Movement
- Gifted Education, History of
- Globalization and Education
- Higher Education, History of
- Immigrant Education: History
- Libraries, History of
- Literacy in the South
- Lyceum Movement
- Mentoring, Youth
- Phrenology
- Physical Education, History of
- Playgrounds
- Principalship, History of
- Resistance, Student
- School Architecture
- Schools of Education
- Social Action, Democratic Classrooms for
- Social Frontier, The
- Sociology of Education
- Sports Mascots
- Law and Public Policy
- Academic Freedom
- Affirmative Action
- Alternative Accreditation for Teachers
- Alternative Schools
- Americanization Movement
- Antiracist Education
- Arts Education Policy
- Athletics, Policy Issues
- Bilingual Education, History of
- Brown v. Board of Education
- Bullying
- Bureaucracy
- Busing
- Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education
- Charter Schools
- Child Abuse: Issues for Teachers
- Child Labor
- Church and State
- Citizenship Education
- Civil Rights Movement
- Class Size
- Clothing, Banning of Symbolic
- Coeducation
- Commercialization of Schools
- Compulsory Educational Attendance Laws
- Corporal Punishment
- Culturally Responsive Teaching
- Culture-Fair Testing
- Desegregation
- Disabilities and the Politics of Schooling
- Disabilities, Physical Accommodations for People With
- Dress Codes
- Dropouts
- Education Commission of the States
- Educational Policy and the American Presidency
- Educational Reform
- English-Only Movement
- Equal Access Act
- Ethics Codes for Teachers
- Federal and State Educational Jurisdiction
- Foreign Language Instruction
- Fundraising in Schools
- GI Bill of Rights (Servicemen's Readjustment Act)
- Gifted Education, Policy Issues
- Global Child Advocacy
- Hate Crimes in Schools
- Head Start
- History Standards, National
- Homeschooling
- Ideology and Schooling
- Immigrant Education: Contemporary Issues
- Japanese Detention Camps, Education in
- Kindergarten, History of
- Learning Disabilities and Higher Education Access
- Least Restrictive Environment
- Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered Students and Teachers: Rights of
- Lunch Programs
- Mainstreaming
- Mental Retardation and Education
- Mexican Americans and Access to Equal Educational Opportunities
- Minority Student Access to Higher Education
- Morrill Act
- Nation at Risk, A
- National Defense Education Act
- Native American Higher Education
- Natural Disasters
- No Child Left Behind Act
- Parent Rights
- Physical Education in American Schools
- Plagiarism
- Pledge of Allegiance
- Politics of Education
- Privatization
- Religion in the Public School Curriculum
- Religious Fundamentalism and Public Education
- Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC)
- Rights of Students
- Rights of Teachers
- Rural Education
- School Choice
- School Funding
- School Law
- Sex Education
- Sexual Misconduct by Educational Professionals
- Sexual Orientation and Identity, Educational Policy on
- Single-Sex Education
- Small Schools Movement
- Smith-Hughes Act
- Socialist Education and U.S. Children
- Special Education, Contemporary Issues
- Sputnik
- Standardized Testing
- Standards
- State Role in Education
- Surveillance in Schools
- Teacher Certification
- Teacher Preparation
- Testing, History of Educational
- Title IX
- U.S. Department of Education
- United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
- Vending Machines in Schools
- Violence in Schools
- Literacy
- Multiculturalism and Special Populations
- Adult Education and Literacy
- African American Education
- African American Education: From Slave to Free
- African American Private Academies
- Asian American Education
- Biracial Identity
- Black English Vernacular
- Blind, Education for the
- Colorblindness
- Cross-Cultural Learning in Adults
- Deaf Culture
- Deaf, Education for the
- Disabilities, Physical Accommodations for People With
- Drug-Exposed Children
- Global Awareness Exchange
- Globalization and Education
- Hispanic Education
- Homeless Children and Adolescents, Education of
- Immigrant Education: Contemporary Issues
- Learning Disabilities and English Language Learners
- Learning Disabilities and Higher Education Access
- Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered Students and Teachers: Rights of
- Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered Students: Advocacy Groups for
- Mental Retardation and Education
- Mexican Americans and Access to Equal Educational Opportunities
- Migrant Education
- Minority Disproportionality in Special Education
- Minority Student Access to Higher Education
- Multicultural Education
- Multiculturalism, Philosophical Implications
- Muslim Students in U.S. Schools
- Native American Higher Education
- Prison Education
- Rap Music and Oral Literacy
- Rural and One-Room Schools
- Rural Education
- Special Education, Contemporary Issues
- Tribal Colleges
- White Privilege
- Whiteness and Education
- Organizations, Schools, and Institutions
- African American Private Academies
- Alternative Schools
- American Federation of Teachers
- American Labor Colleges
- Anna T. Jeanes Foundation
- Archives and Library Collections on Education
- Boards of Education
- Boston Latin School
- Boy Scouts of America
- Carlisle Barracks School
- Charter Schools
- Children's and Educational Museums, History of
- Comprehensive High Schools
- Correspondence Schools
- Dalton School
- Desegregation Academies
- Education Commission of the States
- Freedmen's Bureau
- General Education Board (1901–1964)
- Girl Scouts of America
- Highlander Folk School
- Historically Black Catholic Schools
- Historically Black Colleges and Universities
- History of Education Society
- Holmes Group
- Horace Mann School
- John Dewey Society
- Laboratory School, University of Chicago
- Museums
- National Education Association
- New Harmony
- Organizations for Teacher Educators
- Parent Teacher Association (PTA)
- Park Schools
- Peabody Education Fund
- Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC)
- Rosenwald Schools
- Rural and One-Room Schools
- Southern Regional Education Board
- Spelman College
- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
- Students for a Democratic Society
- Summerhill
- Tribal Colleges
- U.S. Department of Education
- Religion and Social Values
- Activism and the Social Foundations of Education
- Catholic Education, History of
- Catholic Schools, Contemporary Issues
- Child Abuse: Issues for Teachers
- Church and State
- Civil Rights Movement
- Ecojustice and Social Justice
- Ethical Issues and School Athletics
- Ethics and Education
- Eugenics
- Gangs in Schools
- Hate Crimes in Schools
- Historically Black Catholic Schools
- Human Rights Education
- Ideology and Schooling
- Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered Students and Teachers: Rights of Parent Rights
- Religion in the Public School Curriculum
- Religious Fundamentalism and Public Education
- Rights of Students
- Rights of Teachers
- Sexual Misconduct by Educational Professionals
- Shaker Education
- Social Justice, Education for
- Spirituality and Schooling
- Teachers, Religious Values of
- United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child
- Violence in Schools
- School Governance
- Athletics, Policy Issues
- Bullying
- Bureaucracy
- Busing
- Cheerleading
- Clothing, Banning of Symbolic
- Computing, Ethical Issues
- Corporal Punishment
- Dress Codes
- Dropouts
- Ethical Issues and School Athletics
- Ethics and Education
- Ethics Codes for Teachers
- Gangs in Schools
- Homework
- Mainstreaming
- Mentoring, Youth
- Plagiarism
- Principalship, History of
- Rights of Students
- Rights of Teachers
- School Choice
- School Funding
- School Governance
- School Law
- Scientific Management
- Sex Education
- Sexual Misconduct by Educational Professionals
- Sexual Orientation and Identity, Educational Policy on
- Sports Mascots
- Superintendency
- Surveillance in Schools
- Vending Machines in Schools
- Video Games and Learning
- Sexuality and Gender
- Abstinence-Only Sexual Education
- Athletics, Policy Issues
- Boy Scouts of America
- Coeducation
- Compulsory Heterosexuality
- Declarations on Women's Rights
- Dress Codes
- Dropouts
- Drug Education
- Educational Equity: Gender
- Feminist Theory in Education
- Feminization of the Teaching Profession
- Gender and School Violence
- HIV/AIDS
- Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgendered Students: Advocacy Groups for
- Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered Students and Teachers: Rights of
- Queer Theory
- Sex Education
- Sexual Orientation and Identity, Educational Policy on
- Sexuality, Gender, and Education
- Single-Sex Education
- Social Foundations of Education: Feminist Perspectives
- Stereotypes of Teachers
- Women, Higher Education of
- Teachers
- Activist Teachers
- Alternative Accreditation for Teachers
- First-Person Accounts of Teaching
- Images of Teachers in Popular Culture
- Organizations for Teacher Educators
- Parent Rights
- Parent Teacher Association (PTA)
- Schools of Education
- Teacher Alienation and Burnout
- Teacher Attitudes Toward the Teaching Profession
- Teacher Beliefs About Students
- Teacher Certification
- Teacher Education in a Global Context
- Teacher Preparation
- Teacher Recruitment
- Teacher Satisfaction
- Teachers as Researchers
- Teachers College, Columbia University
- Teachers, Literary Portrayals of
- Teachers, Professional Status of
- Teachers, Religious Values of
- Teaching Profession, History of
- Theories, Models, and Philosophical Perspectives
- “Scientific” Racism
- Action Research in Education
- Active Learning
- Adult Education and Literacy
- Authentic Assessment
- Chaos Theory
- Community of Practice
- Comparative and International Education
- Complexity Theory
- Constructivism
- Context in Education
- Critical Geographies of Education
- Critical Literacy
- Critical Mathematics
- Critical Psychology
- Critical Race Theory
- Critical Theory
- Critical Thinking
- Cultural Capital
- Cultural Studies
- Culture Epoch Theory
- Curriculum Theory
- Dalton Plan
- Deskilling
- Disability Studies
- Discursive Practices
- Education, Aims of
- Educational Transfer
- Educationese
- Feminist Theory in Education
- Gary (Indiana) Model
- Hampton Model
- Hawthorne Effect
- Head Start
- Hegemony
- Holistic Education
- Ideology and Schooling
- Intelligence, Theories of
- Local Knowledge
- Marxism
- Mixed Methods Research
- Models and Methods of Teaching
- Multiculturalism, Philosophical Implications
- New Harmony
- Observation Research
- Paideia
- Performance Theory
- Philosophy of Education
- Place-Based Education
- Postcolonialism
- Postmodernism
- Praxis
- Project Method
- Pygmalion Effect
- Qualitative Research
- Reconceptualist Models of Education
- Reggio Emilia Approach
- Reproduction, Educational
- Semiotics
- Small Schools Movement
- Social Action, Democratic Classrooms for
- Social Capital
- Social Construction of Disability
- Vulnerability
- Waldorf Education
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