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Black Enterprise
In the last half of the 20th century, the African American middle class of professionals and business-people experienced unprecedented gains within managerial and business-related occupations across all sectors of the economy. This entry examines the topic of Black enterprise broadly ...
- Biographies
- Baldwin, James
- Black Elk
- Boas, Franz
- Carmichael, Stokely
- Chávez, César
- Chin, Vincent
- Collins, Patricia Hill
- Deloria, Vine, Sr.
- Douglass, Frederick
- Drake, St. Clair
- Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt
- Fanon, Frantz
- Frazier, E. Franklin
- hooks, bell
- Huerta, Dolores
- Jackson, Jesse, Jr.
- Johnson, Charles S.
- King, Martin Luther, Jr.
- Kitano, Harry H. L.
- Lee, Spike
- Lincoln, Abraham
- Malcolm X
- Mandela, Nelson
- Marshall, Thurgood
- Newton, Huey
- Park, Robert E.
- Parks, Rosa
- Peltier, Leonard
- Robinson, Cedric
- Robinson, Jackie
- Samora, Julian
- Thorpe, Jim
- Truth, Sojourner
- Tubman, Harriet
- Washington, Booker T.
- Washington, Harold
- Wells-Barnett, Ida B.
- Williams, Fannie Barrier
- Wilson, William Julius
- Community and Urban Issues
- American Apartheid
- Colonias
- Gautreaux Decision
- Apartheid
- Asian Americans, New York City
- Barrio
- Black Metropolis
- Blockbusting
- Chicago School of Race Relations
- Chinatowns
- Code of the Street
- Colonialism
- Community Cohesion
- Community Empowerment
- Crown Heights, Brooklyn
- Culture of Poverty
- Discrimination in Housing
- East Harlem
- Ethnic Enclave, Economic Impact of
- Ethnic Succession
- Gangs
- Gentrification
- Ghetto
- Harlem
- Homelessness
- Housing Audits
- Hull House School of Race Relations
- Hurricane Katrina
- National Urban League
- Public Housing
- Redlining
- Resegregation
- School Desegregation
- Segregation
- Sundown Towns
- Urban Riots
- White Flight
- Zoot Suit Riots
- Concepts and Theories
- “Boat People”
- “Marielitos”
- “Us and Them”
- “Welfare Queen”
- “Wetbacks”
- Colonias
- Desi
- Hafu
- Hispanic Versus Latino
- Invisible Man
- La Raza
- Acculturation
- Afrocentricity
- Americanization
- Anti-Semitism
- Assimilation
- Asylum
- Authoritarian Personality
- Aztlán
- Barrio
- Black Bourgeoisie
- Black Nationalism
- Black Power
- Blockbusting
- Blood Quantum
- Body Image
- Boycott
- Brain Drain
- Caste
- Chinatowns
- Citizenship
- Civil Disobedience
- Civil Religion
- Code of the Street
- Colonialism
- Color Blindness
- Color Line
- Community Cohesion
- Community Empowerment
- Contact Hypothesis
- Cosmopolitanism
- Critical Race Theory
- Cultural Capital
- Cultural Relativism
- Culture of Poverty
- Deficit Model of Ethnicity
- Diaspora
- Digital Divide
- Dillingham Flaw
- Double Consciousness
- Environmental Justice
- Ethnic Enclave, Economic Impact of
- Ethnic Group
- Ethnic Succession
- Ethnicity, Negotiating
- Ethnocentrism
- Ethnonational Minorities
- Ethnoviolence
- Eugenics
- Familism
- Feminism
- Feminism, Black
- Feminism, Latina
- Genocide
- Gentrification
- Gerrymandering
- Ghetto
- Glass Ceiling
- Globalization
- Guest Workers
- Hapa
- Hate Crimes
- Hate Crimes in Canada
- Higher Education: Racial Battle Fatigue
- Holocaust
- Holocaust Deniers and Revisionists
- Homelessness
- Hourglass Economy
- Housing Audits
- Identity Politics
- Informal Economy
- Intercultural Communication
- Internal Colonialism
- Internalized Racism
- Internment Camps
- Islamophobia
- Jim Crow
- Kinship
- Kwanzaa
- Labeling
- Labor Market Segmentation
- Machismo
- Marginalization
- Marxism and Racism
- Melting Pot
- Minority/Majority
- Model Minority
- Multiracial Identity
- Native American Identity
- Nativism
- Nikkeijin
- Nisei
- One-Drop Rule
- Orientalism
- Pan-Asian Identity
- Panethnic Identity
- Pan-Indianism
- People of Color
- Peoplehood
- Pipeline
- Pluralism
- Political Economy
- Privilege
- Race
- Race, Social Construction of
- Racetalk
- Racial Formation
- Racial Identity
- Racial Identity Development
- Racial Profiling
- Racialization
- Racism
- Racism, Aversive
- Racism, Cultural
- Racism, Unintentional
- Red Power
- Redlining
- Refugees
- Remittances
- Resegregation
- Restrictive Covenants
- Return Migration
- Reverse Discrimination
- Rites of Passage
- Sacred Versus Secular
- Sansei
- Scapegoats
- Segregation
- Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
- Separate but Equal
- Sexual Harassment
- Social Capital
- Social Darwinism
- Social Distance
- Sovereignty, Native American
- Spanglish
- Split Labor Market
- Stereotype Threat
- Stereotypes
- Sundown Towns
- Symbolic Ethnicity
- Symbolic Religiosity
- Talented Tenth
- Third-Generation Principle
- Tracking
- Transnational People
- Underclass
- Urban Legends
- Veil
- Victim Discounting
- Victimization
- WASP
- White Flight
- White Privilege
- White Racism
- Whiteness
- Xenophobia
- Criminal Justice
- Apartheid, Laws
- Crime and Race
- Criminal Processing
- Death Penalty
- Deviance and Race
- Drug Use
- Gangs
- Hate Crimes
- Hate Crimes, Canada
- Homicide
- Incarcerated Parents
- Internment Camps
- Jim Crow
- Juvenile Justice
- Labeling
- Lynching
- Pachucos/Pachucas
- PATRIOT Act of 2001
- Police
- Prisons
- Racial Profiling
- Victim Discounting
- Victimization
- Economics and Stratification
- “Welfare Queen”
- Declining Significance of Race, The
- Affirmative Action in the Workplace
- Alien Land Acts
- Americans with Disabilities Act
- Apartheid
- Barrio
- Black Bourgeoisie
- Black Enterprise
- Black Power
- Boycott
- Bracero Program
- Brain Drain
- Caste
- Colonialism
- Color Line
- Culture of Poverty
- Digital Divide
- Discrimination
- Discrimination in Housing
- Discrimination, Environmental Hazards
- Discrimination, Measuring
- Domestic Work
- Double Consciousness
- Environmental Justice
- Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
- FUBU Company
- Gaming, Native American
- Gentrification
- Ghetto
- Glass Ceiling
- Globalization
- Guest Workers
- Health Disparities
- Homelessness
- Hourglass Economy
- Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988
- Informal Economy
- Institutional Discrimination
- Internal Colonialism
- Labor Market Segmentation
- Labor Unions
- Maquiladoras
- Marxism and Racism
- Model Minority
- Operation Bootstrap
- Political Economy
- Public Housing
- Redlining
- Remittances
- Reparations, Slavery
- Repatriation of Mexican Americans
- Resegregation
- Reservation System
- Restrictive Covenants
- Return Migration
- Social Capital
- Social Darwinism
- Social Inequality
- Social Mobility
- Split-Labor Market
- Talented Tenth
- Transnational People
- Underclass
- Water Rights
- Wealth Distribution
- Welfare Reform
- Education
- Bell Curve, The
- Brown v. Board of Education
- Cisneros v. Corpus Christi School District
- Grutter v. Bollinger
- Hernandez v. Texas
- San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
- United States v. Fordice
- Affirmative Action in Education
- African American Studies
- Afrocentricity
- Antiracist Education
- Asian American Studies
- Asian American Studies, Mixed-Heritage
- Bilingual Education
- Biomedicine, African Americans and
- Black Intellectuals
- Brain Drain
- Chicago School of Race Relations
- Child Development
- Cultural Capital
- Digital Divide
- Discrimination
- Educational Performance and Attainment
- Educational Stratification
- English Immersion
- Fraternities and Sororities
- Head Start and Immigrants
- Higher Education
- Higher Education: Racial Battle Fatigue
- Hull House School of Race Relations
- Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990
- Intelligence Tests
- Intercultural Communication
- Latina/o Studies
- Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF)
- Model Minority
- Multicultural Education
- Native American Education
- Pipeline
- Resegregation
- Reverse Discrimination
- School Desegregation
- School Desegregation, Attitudes Concerning
- Science Faculties, Women of Color on
- Segregation
- Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
- Separate but Equal
- Social Capital
- Spanglish
- Talented Tenth
- Testing
- Title IX
- Tracking
- Gender and Family
- “Welfare Queen”
- Loving v. Virginia
- Abortion
- African American Women and Work
- African Americans, Migration of
- Aging
- Body Image
- Canada, Aboriginal Women
- Child Development
- Civil Rights Movement, Women and
- Culture of Poverty
- Domestic Violence
- Domestic Work
- Familism
- Family
- Feminism
- Feminism, Black
- Feminism, Latina
- Gender and Race, Intersection of
- Hip-Hop and Rap, Women and
- Homelessness
- Hull House School of Race Relations
- Immigration and Gender
- Incarcerated Parents
- Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978
- Institutional Discrimination
- Intermarriage
- Kinship
- Kwanzaa
- Leisure
- Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender
- Machismo
- Parenting
- Rites of Passage
- Science Faculties, Women of Color on
- Sexual Harassment
- Sexuality
- Social Support
- Social Work
- Title IX
- Transracial Adoption
- Veil
- Welfare Reform
- Whiteness and Masculinity
- Global Perspectives
- Burakumin
- Hafu
- Apartheid
- Apartheid, Laws
- Argentina
- Asylum
- Australia
- Australia, Indigenous People
- Back to Africa Monument
- Balkans
- Belize
- Borderlands
- Bracero Program
- Brain Drain
- Brazil
- Britain's Irish
- Canada
- Canada, Aboriginal Women
- Canada, First Nations
- Cape Verde
- Caribbean
- Caste
- China
- Citizenship
- Colombia
- Colonialism
- Cosmopolitanism
- Creole
- Cross-Frontier Contacts
- Cuba
- Cuba: Migration and Demography
- Diaspora
- Dillingham Flaw
- Dominican Republic
- Ethnic Conflict
- Ethnocentrism
- Ethnonational Minorities
- Europe
- Foreign Students
- France
- Genocide
- Global Perspectives
- Globalization
- Guest Workers
- Haiti
- Hate Crimes in Canada
- Hawai'i, Race in
- Holocaust
- Holocaust Deniers and Revisionists
- Hong Kong
- India
- Intercultural Communication
- International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
- Ireland
- Jamaica
- Japan
- Kenya
- Latin America, Indigenous People
- London Bombing (July 7, 2005)
- Maquiladoras
- Marxism and Racism
- Mexico
- Muslims in Canada
- Muslims in Europe
- Nigeria
- Nikkeijin
- Northern Island, Racism in
- Orientalism
- Peru
- Puerto Rico
- Race, Comparative Perspectives
- Race, UNESCO Statements on
- Racism
- Refugees
- Remittances
- Roma
- Russia
- Sami
- Santería
- Singapore
- South Africa, Republic of
- Taiwan
- Transnational People
- Trinidad
- Turkey
- United Kingdom
- Veil
- Xenophobia
- Zapatista Rebellion
- Zimbabwe
- Zionism
- Health and Social Welfare
- “Welfare Queen”
- Abortion
- Adoption
- Aging
- Americans with Disabilities Act
- Biomedicine, African Americans and
- Body Image
- Census, U.S.
- Child Development
- Cuba: Migration and Demography
- Discrimination, Environmental
- Drug Use
- Environmental Justice
- Eugenics
- Familism
- Family
- Health Disparities
- Health, Immigrant
- HIV/AIDS
- Hurricane Katrina
- Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978
- Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990
- Leisure
- Life Expectancy
- Medical Experimentation
- Native American Health Care
- Native Americans, Environment and
- Social Support
- Social Work
- Welfare Reform
- Immigration and Citizenship
- “Boat People”
- “Marielitos”
- “Wetbacks”
- Colonias
- Acculturation
- Alien Land Acts
- Americanization
- Assimilation
- Asylum
- Bilingual Education
- Border Patrol
- Borderlands
- Brain Drain
- Chinese Exclusion Act
- Citizenship
- Colonialism
- Cosmopolitanism
- Cross-Frontier Contacts
- Dawes Act of 1887
- Deficit Model of Ethnicity
- Diaspora
- Dillingham Flaw
- Domestic Work
- English Immersion
- Ethnic Enclave, Economic Impact of
- Ethnic Succession
- Ethnonational Minorities
- Foreign Students
- Gentlemen's Agreement (1907–1908)
- Guest Workers
- Haitian and Cuban Immigrations: A Comparison
- Head Start and Immigrants
- Health, Immigrant
- Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996
- Immigrant Communities
- Immigration and Gender
- Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
- Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)
- Immigration and Race
- Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
- Immigration, Economic Impact of
- Immigration, U.S.
- McCarran-Walter Act of 1952
- Minority Rights
- National Origins Systems
- Operation Bootstrap
- PATRIOT Act of 2001
- Proposition 187
- Refugees
- Remittances
- Repatriation of Mexican Americans
- Return Migration
- Symbolic Ethnicity
- Third-Generation Principle
- Transnational People
- Voting Rights
- Xenophobia
- Legislation, Court Decisions, and Treaties
- Brown v. Board of Education
- Cisneros v. Corpus Christi School District
- Dred Scott v. Sandford
- Gautreaux Decision
- Grutter v. Bollinger
- Hernandez v. Texas
- Loving v. Virginia
- Plessy v. Ferguson
- San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
- United States v. Fordice
- Alaska Natives, Legislation Concerning
- Alien Land Acts
- Americans with Disabilities Act
- Apartheid, Laws
- Blockbusting
- Bureau of Indian Affairs
- Chinese Exclusion Act
- Dawes Act of 1887
- Dillingham Flaw
- Emancipation Proclamation
- Gentlemen's Agreement (1907–1908)
- Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996
- Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
- Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
- Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978
- Indian Gaming and Regulatory Act of 1988
- Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990
- McCarran-Walter Act of 1952
- Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990
- Native American Identity, Legal Background
- Operation Bootstrap
- PATRIOT Act of 2001
- Proposition 187
- Repatriation of Mexican Americans
- Separate but Equal
- Title IX
- Trail of Broken Treaties
- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
- Voting Rights
- Media, Sports, and Entertainment
- Organizations
- American Indian Movement
- American Jewish Committee
- Anti-Defamation League
- ASPIRA
- Back to Africa Movement
- Black Panther Party
- Brown Berets
- Bureau of Indian Affairs
- Census, U.S.
- Chicago Movement
- Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
- Father Divine Peace Mission Movement
- Fraternities and Sororities
- Gangs
- Japanese American Citizens League
- Ku Klux Klan
- La Raza Unida Party
- Labor Unions
- Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF)
- Nation of Islam
- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
- National Congress of American Indians
- National Council of La Raza
- National Indian Youth Council
- National Rainbow Coalition
- National Urban League
- Operation PUSH
- Pachucos/Pachucas
- Puerto Rican Armed Forces of National Liberation (FALN)
- Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund
- Religion, Minority
- Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC)
- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
- Young Lords
- Prejudice and Discrimination
- “Us and Them”
- “Welfare Queen”
- American Apartheid
- American Dilemma, An
- Birth of a Nation, The
- Invisible Man
- Affirmative Action in Education
- Affirmative Action in the Workplace
- Antiracist Education
- Anti-Semitism
- Apartheid
- Authoritarian Personality
- Aztlán
- Black Metropolis
- Body Image
- Civil Rights Movement
- Civil Rights Movement, Women and
- Colonialism
- Color Line
- Contact Hypothesis
- Crime and Race
- Critical Race Theory
- Deficit Model of Ethnicity
- Discrimination
- Discrimination in Housing
- Discrimination, Environmental Hazards
- Discrimination, Measuring
- Double Consciousness
- Environmental Justice
- Ethnic Conflict
- Eugenics
- Hate Crimes
- Hate Crimes in Canada
- Health Disparities
- Higher Education: Racial Battle Fatigue
- Holocaust Deniers and Revisionists
- Housing Audits
- Immigration and Race
- Institutional Discrimination
- Intelligence Tests
- Intergroup Relations, Surveying
- Internal Colonialism
- Internalized Racism
- International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
- Interracial Friendships
- Jim Crow
- Ku Klux Klan
- Labeling
- Lynching
- Marginalization
- Marxism and Racism
- Medical Experimentation
- Military and Race
- Minority Rights
- Nativism
- Orientalism
- Popular Culture, Racism and
- Prejudice
- Privilege
- Racial Profiling
- Racialization
- Racism
- Racism, Aversive
- Racism, Cultural
- Racism, Types of
- Racism, Unintentional
- Racism, White
- Reparations, Slavery
- Reverse Discrimination
- Robbers Cave Experiment
- Scapegoats
- Segregation
- Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
- Slavery
- Social Darwinism
- Social Distance
- Social Inequality
- Stereotype Threat
- Stereotypes
- Sundown Towns
- White Supremacy Movement
- Whiteness
- Whiteness and Masculinity
- Whiteness, Measuring
- Xenophobia
- Public Policy
- American Apartheid
- American Dilemma, An
- Gautreaux Decision
- Abortion
- Affirmative Action in Education
- Affirmative Action in the Workplace
- Apartheid, Laws
- Asylum
- Bilingual Education
- Black Conservatives
- Black Metropolis
- Blockbusting
- Census, U.S.
- Citizenship
- Civil Disobedience
- Civil Rights Movement
- Community Empowerment
- Criminal Processing
- Death Penalty
- Digital Divide
- Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
- Gerrymandering
- Hate Crimes
- Health Disparities
- Homelessness
- Housing Audits
- Hurricane Katrina
- Intelligence Tests
- Juvenile Justice
- Ku Klux Klan
- Labor Unions
- Lynching
- Marginalization
- Marxism and Racism
- Medical Experimentation
- Native Americans, Environment and
- Nativism
- Orientalism
- Political Economy
- Proposition 187
- Public Housing
- Racial Profiling
- Redlining
- Refugees
- Reparations, Slavery
- Reverse Discrimination
- Segregation
- Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
- Separate but Equal
- Sexual Harassment
- Slavery
- Sovereignty, Native American
- Testing
- Title IX
- Voting Rights
- White Supremacy Movement
- Racial, Ethnic, and Nationality Groups
- Burakumin
- Desi
- Afghan Americans
- African Americans
- Africans in the United States
- Albanian Americans
- Aleuts
- Amish
- Arab Americans
- Armenian Americans
- Asian Americans
- Assyrian Americans
- Australia, Indigenous People
- Bangladeshi Americans
- Belgian Americans
- Blackfeet
- Bosnian Americans
- Brazilian Americans
- Britain's Irish
- Bulgarian Americans
- Cambodian Americans
- Canada, First Nations
- Canadian Americans
- Caribbean Americans
- Central Americans in the United States
- Cherokee
- Cheyenne
- Chinese Americans
- Choctaw
- Creole
- Croatian Americans
- Cuban Americans
- Cypriot Americans
- Czech Americans
- Danish Americans
- Dominican Americans
- Dutch Americans
- Egyptian Americans
- Estonian Americans
- Filipino Americans
- Finnish Americans
- French Americans
- Georgian Americans
- German Americans
- Greek Americans
- Guatemalan Americans
- Haitian Americans
- Haole
- Hawaiians
- Hispanics
- Hmong Americans
- Honduran Americans
- Hopi
- Hungarian Americans
- Hutterites
- Icelandic Americans
- Indian Americans
- Indonesian Americans
- Iranian Americans
- Iraqi Americans
- Irish Americans
- Issei
- Italian Americans
- Jamaican Americans
- Japanese Americans
- Jewish Americans
- Jewry, Black American
- Jordanian Americans
- Korean Americans
- Kurdish Americans
- Laotian Americans
- Latin America, Indigenous People
- Latvian Americans
- Lebanese Americans
- Lithuanian Americans
- Mennonites
- Menominee
- Mexican Americans
- Muslim Americans
- Myanmarese Americans
- Native Americans
- Navajo
- Nicaraguan Americans
- Nigerian Americans
- Nisei
- Norwegian Americans
- Ojibwa
- Pacific Islanders
- Pakistani Americans
- Palestinian Americans
- Panamanian Americans
- Peruvian Americans
- Polish Americans
- Portuguese Americans
- Pueblos
- Puerto Rican Americans
- Roma
- Romanian Americans
- Salvadoran Americans
- Sami
- Samoan Americans
- Sansei
- Schmiedeleut
- Serbian Americans
- Sicilian Americans
- Sioux
- Slovak Americans
- Slovene Americans
- South Americans in the United States
- Spanish Americans
- Sri Lankan Americans
- Swedish Americans
- Syrian Americans
- Thai Americans
- Tibetan Americans
- Tlingit
- Tongan Americans
- Turkish Americans
- Ugandan Americans
- Ukrainian Americans
- United Kingdom, Immigrants and Their Descendants in the United States
- Vietnamese Americans
- West Indian Americans
- Religion
- Amish
- Civil Religion
- Father Divine Peace Mission Movement
- Hutterites
- Islamophobia
- Jewish Americans
- Jewry, Black American
- Mennonites
- Mormons, Race and
- Muslim Americans
- Muslims in Canada
- Muslims in Europe
- Nation of Islam
- Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990
- Peyote
- Religion
- Religion, African Americans
- Religion, Minority
- Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993
- Religious Movements, New
- Roman Catholics
- Sacred Sites, Native Americans
- Sacred Versus Secular
- Santería
- Schmeideleut
- Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC)
- Symbolic Religiosity
- Veil
- Sociopolitical Movements and Conflicts
- La Raza
- Abolitionism: The Movement
- Abolitionism: The People
- African Americans, Migration of
- Alamo, The
- American Indian Movement
- ASPIRA
- Aztlán
- Back to Africa Movement
- Black Nationalism
- Black Panther Party
- Black Power
- Boycott
- Brown Berets
- Chicano Movement
- Civil Disobedience
- Civil Rights Movement
- Civil Rights Movement, Women and
- Cross-Frontier Contacts
- Crown Heights, Brooklyn
- Environmental Justice
- Father Divine Peace Mission Movement
- Feminism
- Feminism, Black
- Feminism, Latina
- Harlem Renaissance
- Jewish-Black Relations: A Historical Perspective
- Jewish-Black Relations: The Contemporary Period
- Kennewick Man
- Ku Klux Klan
- La Raza Unida Party
- London Bombings (July 7, 2005)
- Military and Race
- Multicultural Social Movements
- Nation of Islam
- Puerto Rican Armed Forces of National Liberation (FALN)
- Red Power
- Sand Creek Massacre
- Sovereignty, Native American
- Terrorism
- Trail of Broken Treaties
- Voting Rights
- Water Rights
- White Supremacy Movement
- Wounded Knee (1890 and 1973)
- Young Lords
- Zapatista Rebellion
- Zionism
- Zoot Suit Riots
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