Nonparametric Statistics

Some of the most popular statistical inferential techniques in epidemiological research are those that focus on specific parameters of the population such as the mean and variance. These parametric statistics share a number of common assumptions:

• There is independence of observations except when data are paired.
• The set of observations for the outcome (i.e., dependent) variable of interest has been randomly drawn from a normally distributed or bell-shaped population of values.
• The dependent variable is measured on at least an interval-level scale of measurement (i.e., it is rank ordered and has equidistant numbers that share similar meaning).
• The data are drawn from populations having equal variances or spread of scores.
• Hypotheses are formulated about parameters in the population, especially the mean.
• Additional requirements include nominalor intervallevel independent variables, homoscedasticity, and equal ...