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Relativisms and Their Ontologies
This entry presents varieties of relativism, explains the distinction between the ontic and the epistemic points of view, and critically reviews certain modes in which relativism contrasts with certain varieties of its contrary position—absolutism.
Relativism claims that values such as truth, goodness, ...
- Philosophy, General
- A Priori and A Posteriori
- Action, Philosophical Theory of
- Agency
- Alienation: From Philosophy to Sociology
- Analytic/Synthetic Distinction
- Artificial Intelligence
- Behaviorism, Philosophical Conception of
- Being-in-the-World
- Causation, Philosophical Views of
- Cognitive Phenomenology
- Complexity
- Concepts
- Consciousness
- Death and Immortality, Philosophical Perspectives
- Determinism
- Distributed Cognition and Extended-Mind Theory
- Embodied Cognition
- Emergence
- Emotions
- Empathy
- Empiricism
- Encyclopedia
- Enlightenment, Critique of
- Epistemology
- Essentialism
- Ethno-Epistemology
- Events
- Existential Phenomenology and the Social Sciences
- Experimental Philosophy
- Explanation, Theories of
- Feminism: Schools of Thought
- Feminist Epistemology
- Folk Psychology
- Formal Epistemology
- Free Will, Philosophical Conceptions of
- Given, Myth of the
- Hegelianism and Contemporary Epistemology
- Hermeneutics, Phenomenology, and Meaning
- Holism, in the Philosophy of Language
- Idealism
- Identity, Personal (Philosophy of)
- Inferentialism
- Institutions as Moral Persons
- Intentionality
- Intersubjectivity
- Introspection (Philosophical Psychology)
- Kinds: Natural Kinds Versus Human Kinds
- Knowing-How Versus Knowing-That
- Language, Philosophy of
- Language-Games and Forms of Life
- Laws of Nature
- Laws Versus Teleology
- Libertarianism, Metaphysical
- Life-World
- Logical Positivism/Logical Empiricism
- Love, Philosophy of
- Lying
- Mereology: Parts and Wholes
- Metaphysics and Science
- Mind–Body Relation
- Modernity
- Modularity of the Mind
- Moral Cognitivism
- Naturalized Epistemology
- Neo-Kantianism
- New Wittgensteinians
- Nihilism
- Nonconceptual Content
- Normativity
- Objectivity
- Philosophes, The
- Postmodernism
- Pragmatism
- Probability
- Relativisms and Their Ontologies
- Rule Following
- Self and Essential Indexicality
- Self-Knowledge
- Semantics and Pragmatics
- Simulation Theory
- Situated Cognition
- Social Anti-Individualism and the Mental
- Social Epistemology
- Space, Philosophical Theories of
- Speech Acts
- Supervenience
- Systems Theory
- Tacit Knowledge
- Teleosemantics
- Theory Theory
- Time, Philosophical Theories of
- Transcendental Arguments
- Transcendental Pragmatics
- Trust, Epistemic
- Truth, Philosophical Theories of
- Utopianism
- Verificationism
- Virtue Epistemology
- Philosophy of Social Science
- Methodenstreit
- Bayesianism, Recent Uses of
- Capabilities
- Causes Versus Reasons in Action Explanation
- Critical Rationalism
- Discourse Analysis
- Econometrics: Methodological Issues
- Economic Anthropology
- Ethnomethodology
- Explanation, Theories of
- Falsifiability
- Foucault's Thought
- Historicism
- Homo Economicus
- Institutionalism and Institutional Theory
- Institutions as Moral Persons
- Laws Versus Teleology
- Logical Positivism/Logical Empiricism
- Marxism and Social/Historical Explanation
- Mechanism and Mechanismic Explanation
- Nihilism
- Plural Subjects
- Positivism, History of
- Psychoanalysis, Philosophical Issues in
- Relativism and the Social Sciences: From the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis to Peter Winch
- Rule Following
- Science and Ideology
- Self and the Social Sciences
- Social Anthropology
- Social Choice Theory
- Social Constructivism
- Social Norms
- Philosophy of Science
- Naturwissenschaften Versus Geisteswissenschaften
- Abduction and Inference to the Best Explanation
- Bayesianism, Recent Uses of
- Causal Explanation, in Philosophy of Science
- Complexity
- Context of Discovery Versus Context of Justification
- Covering-Law Model
- Critical Rationalism
- Deduction
- Duhem-Quine Thesis and the Social Sciences
- Economics of Scientific Knowledge
- Econophysics
- Emergence
- Empiricism
- Experiment, Philosophy of
- Explanation, Theories of
- Falsifiability
- Feyerabend, Critique of Rationality in Science
- Hypothetico-Deductivism
- Induction and Confirmation
- Instrumentalism of Scientific Theories and Constructive Empiricism
- Kuhn and Social Science
- Kuhn on Scientific Revolutions and Incommensurability
- Lakatos, Methodology of Scientific Research Programs
- Laws of Nature
- Laws Versus Teleology
- Logical Positivism/Logical Empiricism
- Mechanism and Mechanistic Explanation
- Metaphysics and Science
- Models in Science
- Neurath's Unity of Science and the Encyclopedia Project
- Normativism Versus Realism
- Objectivity
- Observation and Theory-Ladenness
- Pessimistic Induction
- Popper's Philosophy of Science
- Positivism, History of
- Pseudoscience
- Reduction and the Unity of Science
- Relativism in Scientific Theories
- Retrodiction and the Epistemology of Future Studies
- Scientific Method
- Situational Logic
- Social Constructivism
- Technological Convergence
- Thought Experiments
- Value Neutrality in Science
- Verificationism
- Philosophy and Anthropology
- Cognitive Anthropology and Mental Architecture
- Cooperation, Cultural Evolution of
- Death in the Social Sciences
- Economic Anthropology
- Ethno-Epistemology
- Ethnography, Philosophical Aspects of
- Ethnomethodology
- Identity, Social
- Relativism and the Social Sciences: From the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis to Peter Winch
- Relativisms and Their Ontologies
- Social Anthropology
- Social Construction of Reality
- Social Institutions
- Social Norms
- Structuralism and Poststructuralism
- Social Ontology and Collective Intentionality
- Coalition Logic
- Collective Agents
- Collective Emotions
- Collective Goals
- Collective Identity and Cultural Trauma
- Collective Intentionality
- Collective Memory
- Collective Moral Responsibility
- Collective Rationality
- Collective Values
- Commitment
- Conventions, Logic of
- Cooperation/Coordination
- Goal-Directedness
- Grounded Cognition and Social Interaction
- Group Beliefs
- Group Identity
- Group Mind
- Intentionality
- Judgment Aggregation and the Discursive Dilemma
- Mutual Beliefs
- Plural Subjects
- Searle and the Construction of Social Reality
- Social Facts
- Social Institutions
- Social Interactions: Individual Decision and Group Formation
- Social Norms
- Social Objects Versus Technical Objects
- Social Ontology, Recent Theories of
- Social Perception
- Social Rules
- Sociology of Knowledge and Science
- Solidarity
- Strong Program in the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge
- Structural Functionalism, in Social Theory
- Structuralism and Poststructuralism
- Team Reasoning
- Technoscience and Society
- Theory of Teams
- Trust, Social
- Virtual Environments and Social Interaction
- We-Mode, Tuomela's Theory of
- Philosophy and Economics
- Methodenstreit
- Austrian Economics
- Bargaining Theory
- Capabilities
- Capitalism
- Chicago School (Economics)
- Cost–Benefit Analysis
- Critical Realism in Economics
- Econometrics: Methodological Issues
- Economic Sociology
- Emotions in Economic Behavior
- Equilibrium in Economics and Game Theory
- Heterodox Economics
- Homo Economicus
- Institutional Economics
- Markets and Economic Theory
- Marxist Economics
- Neuroeconomics
- Pareto Optimality
- Philosophy of Economics, History of
- Preference
- Reification
- Sen's Paretian Liberal
- Welfare Economics
- Philosophy and History
- Philosophy and Politics
- Agnotology, Ignorance, and Uncertainty
- Alienation: From Philosophy to Sociology
- Analytical Marxism
- Behavioralism in Political Science
- Capitalism
- Common Goods
- Communicative Action Theory
- Dialectic, in the Social Sciences
- Epistemic Approaches to Democracy
- Evolutionary Political Science
- Governmentality and Regime
- Ideology
- Institutionalism and Institutional Theory
- International Relations, Philosophical and Methodological Debates
- Introspection (Philosophical Psychology)
- Libertarianism, Political
- Marxism and Social/Historical Explanation
- Marxist Ethics
- Multiculturalism
- Neo-Marxism
- Neuroscience and Politics
- Oppression
- Philosophy of Politics, History of
- Political Psychology
- Public Goods
- Public Reason and Justification
- Rational Choice and Political Science
- Reflective Equilibrium
- Reification
- Self-Direction and Self-Ownership
- Social Contract Theories
- World-Systems Analysis
- Philosophy and Psychology
- Bayesianism, Recent Uses of
- Behaviorism in Psychological Explanation
- Developmental Psychology
- Ego
- Embodied Cognition
- Existential Psychology
- Gestalt Psychology
- Intention, Social Psychology of
- Personal Identity and Trauma
- Phenomenological Schools of Psychology
- Philosophical Psychology, History of
- Political Psychology
- Psychoanalysis, Philosophical Issues in
- Schizophrenia: Psychoanalytic, Phenomenological, and Contemporary Philosophical Approaches
- Self and the Social Sciences
- Therapy, Psychological and Philosophical Issues
- Unconscious
- Unconscious Social Behavior
- Philosophy and Sociology
- Actor-Network Theory
- Alienation: From Philosophy to Sociology
- Analytical Sociology and Social Mechanisms
- Communicative Action Theory
- Cultural Studies
- Death in the Social Sciences
- Disciplinarity
- Discourse Analysis
- Durkheim's Philosophy of Social Science
- Economic Sociology
- Ethnomethodology
- Foucault's Thought
- Genealogy
- Governmentality and Regime
- Group Identity
- Habitus
- Identity, Social
- Interdisciplinarity
- Life-World
- Love, in Social Theory
- Modernity
- Money
- Multiculturalism
- Neo-Marxism
- Path Dependence
- Performative Theory of Institutions
- Philosophy of Sociology, History of
- Prophecy, Self-Fulfilling/Self-Defeating
- Reflexivity
- Risk
- Scheler's Social Person
- Sexuality
- Simmel's Philosophy of Society
- Social Capital
- Social Construction of Reality
- Social Networks
- Social Studies of Science and Technology
- Space, Social Theories of
- Structural Functionalism, in Social Theory
- Structuralism and Poststructuralism
- Symbolic Interactionism
- Symbolism
- Time, Social Theories of
- Trust, Social
- Philosophy of Action
- Action, Philosophical Theory of
- Agency
- Bayesianism, Recent Uses of
- Causes Versus Reasons in Action Explanation
- Coalition Logic
- Collective Agents
- Decision Theory
- Deontic Logic and Agency
- Emotions
- Empathy
- Folk Psychology
- Free Will, Philosophical Conceptions of
- Group Mind
- Institutions as Moral Persons
- Intentionality
- Metacognition and Agency
- Mirror Neurons and Motor Cognition in Action Explanation
- Simulation Theory
- Cognitive Sciences, Neurosciences, and Social Explanation
- Affective Intelligence in the Social Sciences
- Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation in the Social Sciences
- Artificial Intelligence
- Classical Computationalism, Connectionism, and Computational Neuroscience
- Cognitive Anthropology and Mental Architecture
- Cognitive Archaeology
- Cognitive Phenomenology
- Cognitive Sciences
- Distributed Cognition and Extended-Mind Theory
- Embodied Cognition
- Evolutionary Psychology
- Goal-Directedness
- Grounded Cognition and Social Interaction
- Human–Machine Interaction
- Joint Attention and Social Cognition
- Machine Consciousness and Autonomous Agents
- Metacognition and Agency
- Mirror Neurons and Motor Cognition in Action Explanation
- Multi-Agent Modeling
- Neural Hermeneutics
- Neuroeconomics
- Neuroethics
- Neuroscience and Politics
- Situated Cognition
- Social Cognition
- Social Neuroscience
- Social Perception
- Biology and Social Science
- Biology and the Social Sciences
- Ethical Impact of Genetic Research
- Eugenics, Old and Neoliberal Theories of
- Evolutionary Psychology
- Human Cultural Niche Construction and the Social Sciences
- Neural Hermeneutics
- Neuroethics
- Primatology and Social Science Applications
- Sociobiology
- Transhumanism and Human Enhancement
- Evolution and Social Science
- Feminism and Social Science
- Logic and Social Science
- Allais Paradox
- Bargaining Theory
- Bayesianism, Recent Uses of
- Coalition Logic
- Conventions, Logic of
- Decision Theory
- Deontic Logic and Agency
- Dialogical Logic
- Formal Epistemology
- Game-Theoretic Modeling
- Judgment Aggregation and the Discursive Dilemma
- Modal Logic and Intentional Agency
- Probability
- Social Choice Theory
- Sociology of Science
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