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Credential Effect
The term credential effect is used to describe the increase in wages or earnings associated with earning an educational credential. This phenomenon is also described using the term sheepskin effect, which refers to the historical use of sheepskin leather for educational diplomas prior to the use of parchment paper. This entry describes the different uses of these terms, the significance of credential effects for distinguishing between human capital and signaling theories of the wage effects of schooling investments, and the empirical evidence on the existence of credential effects.
Wage Differences by Credential Status Versus Causal Effects of Credentials
It is useful to distinguish between two different uses of the terms sheepskin effect and credential effect. The first is the observed difference in wages between workers who hold ...
- Accountability and Education Policy
- Brown v. Board of Education
- Nation at Risk, A
- Access to Education
- Accountability, Standards-Based
- Accountability, Types of
- Accreditation
- Achievement Gap
- Adequate Yearly Progress
- American Association of School Administrators
- Association for Education Finance and Policy
- Capacity Building of Organizations
- Common Core State Standards
- Comprehensive School Reform
- Compulsory Schooling Laws
- Desegregation
- Educational Equity
- Elementary and Secondary Education Act
- Gainful Employment
- Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
- International Assessments
- International Organizations
- Investing in Innovation Fund (i3)
- Local Control
- Median Voter Model
- National Assessment of Educational Progress
- National Datasets in Education
- National Science Foundation
- No Child Left Behind Act
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- Performance Evaluation Systems
- Philanthropic Foundations in Education
- Policy Analysis in Education
- Portfolio Districts
- Race to the Top
- SAT
- School Boards
- School Report Cards
- Special Education Finance
- State Education Agencies
- State Education Codes
- Teacher Autonomy
- Teacher Effectiveness
- Teacher Evaluation
- Teacher Performance Assessment
- Teachers’ Unions and Collective Bargaining
- Tracking in Education
- U.S. Department of Education
- Weighted Student Funding
- Budgeting and Accounting in Education Finance
- Adequacy: Successful School District Approach
- Administrative Spending
- American Association of School Administrators
- Auxiliary Services
- Block Grants
- Bonds in School Financing
- Budgeting Approaches
- Capital Budget
- Capital Financing for Education
- Categorical Grants
- Central Office, Role and Costs of
- Cost Accounting
- Cost of Education
- Cost-Benefit Analysis
- Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
- Enrollment Counts
- Fund Accounting
- Governmental Accounting Standards Board
- Higher Education Finance
- Intergovernmental Fiscal Relationships
- Philanthropic Foundations in Education
- Program Budgeting
- School District Budgets
- School District Cash Flow
- Service Consolidation
- Weighted Student Funding
- Education Markets, Choice, and Incentives
- Agency Theory
- Capitalist Economy
- Centralization Versus Decentralization
- Charter Management Organizations
- Charter Schools
- Compound Annual Growth Rate
- Comprehensive School Reform
- Deregulation
- Dual Labor Markets
- Economic Efficiency
- Education Management Organizations
- Education Production Functions and Productivity
- Educational Equity
- Educational Innovation
- Educational Vouchers
- Evolution in Authority Over U.S. Schools
- Factor Prices
- Globalization
- Homeschooling
- Local Control
- Lotteries in School Admissions
- Market Signaling
- Markets, Theory of
- Median Voter Model
- Moral Hazard
- Neighborhood Effects: Values of Housing and Schools
- New Institutional Economics
- Opportunity to Learn
- Parental Involvement
- Partial and General Equilibrium
- Pay for Performance
- Philanthropic Foundations in Education
- Portfolio Districts
- Principal-Agent Problem
- Private Contributions to Schools
- Private Fundraising in Postsecondary Education
- Private School Associations
- Privatization and Marketization
- Public Choice Economics
- Public Good
- Public-Private Partnerships in Education
- Risk Factors, Students
- Salary Schedule
- School-Based Management
- Schools, Private
- Schools, Religious
- Spillover Effects
- State Education Codes
- Student Incentives
- Student Mobility
- Theory of the Firm
- Equity and Adequacy in School Finance
- Brown v. Board of Education
- San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
- Serrano v. Priest
- Ability-to-Pay and Benefit Principles
- Access to Education
- Achievement Gap
- Adequacy
- Adequacy: Cost Function Approach
- Adequacy: Evidence-Based Approach
- Adequacy: Professional Judgment Approach
- Adequacy: Successful School District Approach
- Allocative Efficiency
- Association for Education Finance and Policy
- Bilingual Education
- Comparative Wage Index
- Desegregation
- District Power Equalizing
- District Size
- Due Process
- Education Finance
- Educational Equity
- Equalization Models
- Expenditures and Revenues, Current Trends of
- Guaranteed Tax Base
- Horizontal Equity
- Infrastructure Financing and Student Achievement
- Lotteries for School Funding
- Progressive Tax and Regressive Tax
- Property Taxes
- School District Wealth
- School Finance Equity Statistics
- School Finance Litigation
- Special Education Finance
- Title I
- Unfunded Mandates
- Vertical Equity
- Weighted Student Funding
- Financing of Higher Education
- Baumol’s Cost Disease
- Benefits of Higher Education
- College Choice
- College Completion
- College Dropout
- College Enrollment
- College Rankings
- College Savings Plan Mechanisms
- College Selectivity
- Community Colleges Finance
- Dual Enrollment
- Enrollment Management in Higher Education
- Faculty in American Higher Education
- Federal Perkins Loan Program
- Federal Work-Study Program
- For-Profit Higher Education
- Gainful Employment
- GI Bill
- Higher Education Finance
- Pell Grants
- Private Fundraising in Postsecondary Education
- Stafford Loans
- Student Financial Aid
- Student Loans
- Tuition and Fees, Higher Education
- Tuition Tax Credits
- University Endowments
- Key Concepts in the Economics of Education
- Age-Earnings Profile
- Agency Theory
- Baumol’s Cost Disease
- Behavioral Economics
- Capitalist Economy
- Centralization Versus Decentralization
- Cultural Capital
- Demand for Education
- Deregulation
- Discount Rate
- Economic Development and Education
- Economic Efficiency
- Economics of Education
- Economies of Scale
- Education Production Functions and Productivity
- Education Spending
- Educational Equity
- Educational Vouchers
- Elasticity
- External Social Benefits and Costs
- Factor Prices
- Foregone Earnings
- Human Capital
- Internal Rate of Return
- Market Signaling
- Markets, Theory of
- Moral Hazard
- New Institutional Economics
- Opportunity Costs
- Partial and General Equilibrium
- Permanent Income
- Policy Analysis in Education
- Price Discrimination
- Principal-Agent Problem
- Progressive Tax and Regressive Tax
- Public Choice Economics
- Public Good
- Public-Private Partnerships in Education
- Social Capital
- Socioeconomic Status and Education
- Spillover Effects
- Tax Burden
- Tax Elasticity
- Tax Incidence
- Tax Limits
- Tax Yield
- Technical Efficiency
- Theory of the Firm
- Tiebout Sorting
- Tracking in Education
- Tragedy of the Commons
- Transaction Cost Economics
- Vertical Equity
- Private and Social Returns to Human Capital Investments
- Access to Education
- Achievement Gap
- Adult Education
- Age-Earnings Profile
- Benefits of Higher Education
- Benefits of Primary and Secondary Education
- College Completion
- College Dropout
- College Enrollment
- College Rankings
- College Savings Plan Mechanisms
- College Selectivity
- Comparative Wage Index
- Continuing Education
- Credential Effect
- Demand for Education
- Discount Rate
- Dropout Rates
- Early Childhood Education
- Economic Development and Education
- Education and Civic Engagement
- Education and Crime
- Education Spending
- Federal Work-Study Program
- Financial Literacy and Cognitive Skills
- Foregone Earnings
- Gainful Employment
- General Educational Development (GED®)
- GI Bill
- Human Capital
- Income Inequality and Educational Inequality
- Internal Rate of Return
- Job Training
- Labor Market Rate of Return to Education in Developing Countries
- Market Signaling
- Nonwage Benefits
- Present Value of Earnings
- Race Earnings Differentials
- Risk Factors, Students
- School Quality and Earnings
- Service Consolidation
- Spillover Effects
- Student Mobility
- Vocational Education
- Production and Costs of Schooling
- Ability-to-Pay and Benefit Principles
- Adequacy
- Adequacy: Cost Function Approach
- Adequacy: Evidence-Based Approach
- Adequacy: Professional Judgment Approach
- Adequacy: Successful School District Approach
- Administrative Spending
- Adult Education
- Allocative Efficiency
- Baumol’s Cost Disease
- Capacity Building of Organizations
- Capitalist Economy
- Central Office, Role and Costs of
- Compound Annual Growth Rate
- Contracting for Services
- Cost Accounting
- Cost of Education
- Cost-Benefit Analysis
- Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
- Data Envelopment Analysis
- Department of Defense Schools
- Digital Divide
- Distance Learning
- District Size
- Dual Enrollment
- Economic Cost
- Economies of Scale
- Education Production Functions and Productivity
- Education Technology
- Educational Innovation
- Elasticity
- Enrollment Counts
- Evolution in Authority Over U.S. Schools
- Extended Day
- External Social Benefits and Costs
- Hedonic Wage Models
- Homeschooling
- Infrastructure Financing and Student Achievement
- Intergovernmental Fiscal Relationships
- Online Learning
- Peer Effects
- Price Discrimination
- Professional Development
- School Boards
- School District Budgets
- School Size
- Social Capital
- Socioeconomic Status and Education
- Supplemental Educational Services
- Teacher Compensation
- Teacher Experience
- Technical Efficiency
- Revenue and Aid for Schools
- Bilingual Education
- Block Grants
- Bonds in School Financing
- Capital Financing for Education
- Categorical Grants
- Early Childhood Education
- Education Finance
- Enrollment Counts
- Equalization Models
- Fiscal Environment
- Fiscal Neutrality
- General Obligation Bonds
- Guaranteed Tax Base
- Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
- Infrastructure Financing and Student Achievement
- Lotteries for School Funding
- Parcel Tax
- Private Contributions to Schools
- Progressive Tax and Regressive Tax
- Property Taxes
- Pupil Weights
- School District Cash Flow
- School District Wealth
- Special Education Finance
- State Education Agencies
- Tax Burden
- Tax Elasticity
- Tax Incidence
- Tax Limits
- Tax Yield
- Title I
- Tuition and Fees, K-12 Private Schools
- Tuition Tax Credits
- Unfunded Mandates
- Statistical Methods in the Economics of Education
- Data Envelopment Analysis
- Difference-in-Differences
- Econometric Methods for Research in Education
- Economic Cost
- Effect Size
- Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
- Fiscal Disparity
- Fixed-Effects Models
- Instrumental Variables
- International Datasets in Education
- Measurement Error
- Median Voter Model
- National Center for Education Statistics
- National Datasets in Education
- Omitted Variable Bias
- Ordinary Least Squares
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- Peer Effects
- Present Value of Earnings
- Propensity Score Matching
- Pupil Weights
- Quantile Regression
- Quasi-Experimental Methods
- Randomized Control Trials
- Regression-Discontinuity Design
- Reliability
- Selection Bias
- Tiebout Sorting
- Validity
- Teachers and Teacher Labor Markets
- Comparative Wage Index
- Dual Labor Markets
- Faculty in American Higher Education
- Hedonic Wage Models
- Licensure and Certification
- National Board Certification for Teachers
- Nonwage Benefits
- Pay for Performance
- Performance Evaluation Systems
- Private Fundraising in Postsecondary Education
- Professional Development
- Reduction in Force
- Salary Schedule
- School Boards, School Districts, and Collective Bargaining
- Teacher Autonomy
- Teacher Compensation
- Teacher Effectiveness
- Teacher Evaluation
- Teacher Experience
- Teacher Intelligence
- Teacher Pensions
- Teacher Performance Assessment
- Teacher Supply
- Teacher Training and Preparation
- Teacher Value-Added Measures
- Teachers’ Unions and Collective Bargaining
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