Many education researchers have lamented that too often decisions on the implementation of education policies are made without careful consideration of their benefits and costs. When careful analyses are done of the benefits of a policy intervention, these benefits are rarely considered alongside the costs. This is partially because the authors’ primary concern is to establish what the benefits of a policy intervention are. Other times, costs are not easily accessible to the researcher, either because there are important off-budget items or because they are not able to separate particular policy interventions from a budget of a particular school or district. Nevertheless, this causes many interventions not to be evaluated once implemented, and rarely are interventions evaluated ex ante vis-à-vis a cost-benefit analysis. This entry ...