SAGE Reference - Encyclopedia of Criminal Justice Ethics

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Pariah Underground Economy

By: Rochelle E. Cobbs & O. Oko Elechi
In: Encyclopedia of Criminal Justice Ethics
Edited by: Bruce A. Arrigo
Subject:Values & Ethics, Criminal Justice Ethics

“Underground economy” describes economic activities outside the purview or regulation of government agencies. Government is not able to tax the incomes from such enterprises, therefore figures from underground economies are not included in the calculation of the nation's gross ...

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  Cobbs, R., & Elechi, O. (2014). Pariah underground economy. In B. A. Arrigo (Ed.), Encyclopedia of criminal justice ethics (Vol. 1, pp. 644-646). SAGE Publications, Inc., https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452274102.n233
  
  Cobbs, Rochelle E., and O. Oko Elechi. "Pariah Underground Economy." In Encyclopedia of Criminal Justice Ethics, edited by Arrigo, Bruce A., 644-46. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2014. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452274102.n233.
  
  Cobbs, R. and Elechi, O. 2014. Pariah Underground Economy. In: Bruce A. Arrigo Editor, 2014. Encyclopedia of Criminal Justice Ethics, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 644-646 Available at: <https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452274102.n233> [Accessed 10 Aug 2022].
  
  Cobbs, Rochelle E. and O. Oko Elechi. "Pariah Underground Economy." Encyclopedia of Criminal Justice Ethics. Edited by Bruce A. Arrigo. Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2014, pp. 644-46. SAGE Knowledge. 10 Aug 2022, doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452274102.n233.
  
  Cobbs, Rochelle E., and O. Oko Elechi (2014). Pariah underground economy In: Arrigo, Bruce A. (Ed.),Pariah underground economy Encyclopedia of criminal justice ethics Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.; 2014:644-646. doi:10.4135/9781452274102.n233
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