The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the United States led to the emergence of homeland security policing. Some suggest this paradigm shift has altered police operations and philosophy. Although there has been little research so far on the shift of policing strategies after 9/11, it has been suggested that most components of community-oriented policing and problem solving remains a central strategy that has not only been retained but has increased.

The centrality and persistence of problem solving in the current era of policing suggests that the police continue to perceive the utility of the approach. Problem-oriented policing was a precursor to community-oriented policing. In community policing, the identification of the problem emanates from the public, and the problem-solving strategy is arrived at through collaborative efforts ...