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Stevens, John Paul (1920-)
John Paul Stevens was appointed as associate justice to the U.S. Supreme Court by President Gerald Ford in 1975. Although nominally a Republican, Stevens brought with him a reputation as a political moderate. On the Court, he demonstrated an independent streak, tending to be a pragmatic jurist who reached decisions on narrow factual and legal grounds rather than advocating a particular judicial philosophy. However, in recent years, as the Court has moved more to the right, Justice Stevens has frequently voted as a liberal in cases affecting education law.
Early Years
Stevens was born into a wealthy family in Chicago, Illinois, on April 10, 1920. His father owned the Stevens Hotel, which today is the Chicago Hilton. As a child, he grew up in a residential area ...
- Biographies
- Alito, Samuel A., Jr.
- Black, Hugo L.
- Brennan, William J.
- Breyer, Stephen G.
- Burger, Warren E.
- Darrow, Clarence S.
- Douglas, William O.
- Frankfurter, Felix J.
- Ginsburg, Ruth Bader
- Jefferson, Thomas
- Kennedy, Anthony M.
- Marshall, John
- Marshall, Thurgood
- O'Connor, Sandra Day
- Rehnquist, William H.
- Roberts, John G., Jr.
- Scalia, Antonin
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- Stevens, John Paul
- Thomas, Clarence
- Warren, Earl
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- Drugs, Dog Searches for
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- Eighth Amendment
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- First Amendment
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- Rehnquist Court
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- Access to Programs and Facilities
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- Dual and Unitary Systems
- English as a Second Language
- Equal Protection Analysis
- Free Speech and Expression Rights of Students
- Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN)
- Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgendered Persons, Rights of
- Hostile Work Environment
- League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)
- Limited English Proficiency
- Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF)
- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
- Rights of Students and School Personnel With HIV/AIDS
- Segregation, De Facto
- Segregation, De Jure
- Sexual Harassment
- Sexual Harassment of Students by Teachers
- Sexual Harassment, Peer-to-Peer
- Sexual Harassment, Quid Pro Quo
- Sexual Harassment, Same-Sex
- Sexual Orientation
- Sexuality Education
- Sports Programming and Scheduling
- State Aid and the Establishment Clause
- Thorough and Efficient Systems of Education
- Title IX and Athletics
- Title IX and Sexual Harassment
- White Flight
- Governance Issues
- Catholic Schools
- Charter Schools
- Distance Learning
- Federal Role in Education
- In Loco Parentis
- Nonpublic Schools
- Open Meetings Laws
- Open Records Laws
- Parens Patriae
- Right-to-Work Laws
- School Board Policy
- School Boards
- School Choice
- School Finance Litigation
- School-Based Decision Making
- Thorough and Efficient Systems of Education
- Tuition Reimbursement
- Virtual Schools
- Vouchers
- Web Sites, Use by School Districts and Boards
- Litigation — Collective Bargaining
- Litigation — Curricular Governance Issues
- Board of Education, Island Trees Union Free School District No. 26 v. Pico
- Jacobson v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts
- Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools
- Lau v. Nichols
- Martinez v. Bynum
- Meyer v. Nebraska
- Plyler v. Doe
- Springfield Township, Franklin County v. Quick
- Stuart v. School District No. 1 of Village of Kalamazoo
- United States v. American Library Association
- Litigation — Desegregation and Affirmative Action
- Boilling v. Sharpe
- Bradley v. School Board of City of Richmond
- Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
- Columbus Board of Education v. Penick
- Cooper v. Aaron
- Crawford v. Board of Education of the City of Los Angeles
- Cumming v. Board of Education of Richmond County
- Davis v. School Commissioners of Mobile County
- Dayton Board of Education v. Brinkman, I and II
- DeFunis v. Odegaard
- Dowell v. Board of Education of Oklahoma City Public Schools
- Freeman v. Pitts
- Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District
- Gong Lum v. Rice
- Goss v. Board of Education
- Goss v. Lopez
- Gratz v. Bollinger
- Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
- Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
- Griggs v. Duke Power Company
- Grutter v. Bollinger
- Hazelwood School District v. United States
- Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado
- McDaniel v. Barresi
- McDonnell Douglas Corporation, v. Green
- McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education
- Mendez v. Westminster School District
- Milliken v. Bradley
- Missouri v. Jenkins
- Monroe v. Board of Commissioners
- Northcross v. Board of Education of the Memphis City Schools
- Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
- Pasadena City Board of Education v. Spangler
- Plessy v. Ferguson
- Raney v. Board of Education
- Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
- Roberts v. City of Boston
- Rogers v. Paul
- Runyon v. McCrary
- Singleton v. Jackson Municipal Separate School District
- Spencer v. Kugler
- Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
- Sweatt v. Painter
- United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education
- United States v. Scotland Neck City Board of Education
- Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.
- Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education
- Litigation — Jurisdiction of U.S. Supreme Court
- Litigation — Prayer and Religious Activities in Public Schools
- Abington Township School District v. Schempp and Murray v. Curlett
- Board of Education of Westside Community Schools v. Mergens
- Edwards v. Aguillard
- Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow
- Engel v. Vitale
- Epperson v. State of Arkansas
- Good News Club v. Milford Central School
- Illinois ex rel. McCollum v. Board of Education
- Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District
- Lee v. Weisman
- Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe
- Stone v. Graham
- Wallace v. Jaffree
- Widmarv. Vincent
- Zorach v. Clauson
- Litigation — Religious Freedom
- Cantwell v. Connecticut
- City of Boerne v. Flores
- Corporation of the Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. Amos
- Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith
- Minersville School District v. Gobitis
- National Labor Relations Board v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago
- Pierce v. Society of Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary
- West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
- Wisconsin v. Yoder
- Litigation — School Finance
- Litigation — Special Education and Rights of Disabled Persons
- Alexander v. Choate
- Arlington Central School District Board of Education v. Murphy
- Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley
- Cedar Rapids Community School District v. Garret F
- Florence County School District Four v. Carter
- Honig v. Doe
- Irving Independent School District v. Tatro
- Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia
- Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
- Schaffer ex rel. Schaffer v. Weast
- School Board of Nassau County v. Arline
- School Committee of the Town of Burlington v. Department of Education
- Smith v. Robinson
- Southeastern Community College v. Davis
- Timothy W. v. Rochester, New Hampshire, School District
- Wood v. Strickland
- Litigation — State Aid and the Establishment Clause
- Agostini v. Felton
- Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet
- Board of Education v. Allen
- Cochran v. Louisiana State Board of Education
- Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Levitt
- Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Nyquist
- Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Regan
- Everson v. Board of Education of Ewing Township
- Grand Rapids School District v. Ball
- Lemon v. Kurtzman
- Locke v. Davey
- Meek v. Pittenger
- Mitchell v. Helms
- Mueller v. Allen
- New York v. Cathedral Academy
- Sloan v. Lemon
- Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York
- Wheeler v. Barrera
- Wolman v. Walter
- Zelman v. Simmons-Harris
- Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District
- Litigation — Student Rights
- Baker v. Owen
- Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser
- Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie County v. Earls
- Carey v. Piphus
- Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education
- Debra P. v. Turlington
- Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools
- Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District
- Grove City College v. Bell
- Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier
- Hobson v. Hansen
- In re Gault
- Ingraham v. Wright
- Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan
- Morse v. Frederick
- Nabozny v. Podlesny
- New Jersey v. T. L. O.
- Owasso Independent School District No. 1011 v. Falvo
- Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District
- United States v. Lopez
- United States v. Virginia
- Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton
- Winkelman ex rel. Winkelman v. Parma City School District
- Litigation — Teacher Rights
- Abood v. Detroit Board of Education
- Ambach v. Norwick
- Ansonia Board of Education v. Philbrook
- Beilan v. Board of Public Education
- Bishop v. Wood
- Board of Regents v. Roth
- Burlington Industries v. Ellerth
- Cannon v. University of Chicago
- Chicago Teachers Union, Local No. 1 v. Hudson
- Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill
- Connick v. Myers
- Davenport v. Washington Education Association
- Faragher v. City of Boca Raton
- Harrah Independent School District v. Martin
- Harris v. Forklift Systems
- Hortonville Joint School District No. 1 v. Hortonville Education Association
- Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education
- Keyishian v. Board of Regents
- Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson
- Mt. Healthy City Board of Education v. Doyle
- National Labor Relations Board v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago
- National League of Cities v. Usery
- National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab
- O'Connor v. Ortega
- Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services
- Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators ' Association
- Perry v. Sindermann
- Pickering v. Board of Education of Township High School District 205, Will County
- Rendell-Baker v. Kohn
- Robinson v. Jacksonville Shipyards
- Shelton v. Tucker
- Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives' Association
- Smith v. City of Jackson, Mississippi
- St. Martin Evangelical Lutheran Church v. South Dakota
- Organizations
- Education Law Association
- Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
- Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN)
- High School Athletic Associations
- League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)
- Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF)
- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
- National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
- Parent Teacher Associations/Organizations
- U.S. Department of Education
- Parental Rights
- Primary Sources: Excerpted U.S. Supreme Court Landmark Cases
- Abington Township School District v. Schempp and Murray v. Curlett (Excerpts)
- Agostini v. Felton (Excerpts)
- Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser (Excerpts)
- Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie County v. Earls (Excerpts)
- Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley (Excerpts)
- Board of Education of Westside Community Schools v. Mergens (Excerpts)
- Board of Education v. Allen (Excerpts)
- Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka I (Excerpts)
- Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka II (Excerpts)
- Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill (Excerpts)
- Davenport v. Washington Education Association (Excerpts)
- Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education (Excerpts)
- Engel v. Vitale (Excerpts)
- Epperson v. State of Arkansas (Excerpts)
- Everson v. Board of Education of Ewing Township (Excerpts)
- Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools (Excerpts)
- Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District (Excerpts)
- Goss v. Lopez (Excerpts)
- Green v. County School Board of New Kent County (Excerpts)
- Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (Excerpts)
- Honig v. Doe (Excerpts)
- Illinois ex rel. McCollum v. Board of Education (Excerpts)
- Lee v. Weisman (Excerpts)
- Lemon v. Kurtzman (Excerpts)
- Martinez v. Bynum (Excerpts)
- Meyer v. Nebraska (Excerpts)
- Morse v. Frederick (Excerpts)
- New Jersey v. T. L. O. (Excerpts)
- Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (Excerpts)
- Pierce v. Society of Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary (Excerpts)
- Plyler v. Doe (Excerpts)
- San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (Excerpts)
- Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (Excerpts)
- Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (Excerpts)
- Zorach v. Clauson (Excerpts)
- Religion in Public Schools
- Special Education and Rights of Disabled Persons
- Assistive Technology
- Behavioral Intervention Plan
- Compensatory Services
- Disabled Persons, Rights of
- Extended School Year Services
- Free Appropriate Public Education
- Hearing Officer
- Inclusion
- Individualized Education Program (IEP)
- Least Restrictive Environment
- Manifestation Determination
- Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504
- Related Services
- Response to Intervention (RTI)
- Stay-Put Provision
- Tuition Reimbursement
- Zero Reject
- Statutes and Treaties
- Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
- Age Discrimination in Employment Act
- Americans with Disabilities Act
- Children's Internet Protection Act
- Civil Rights Act of 1871 (Section 1983)
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Digital Millennium Copyright Act
- Equal Access Act
- Equal Educational Opportunity Act
- Equal Pay Act
- Family and Medical Leave Act
- Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
- Gun-Free Schools Act
- Internet Content Filtering
- Jacob K. Javits Gifted and Talented Students Education Act
- National Defense Education Act
- National Labor Relations Act
- No Child Left Behind Act
- Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504
- Religious Freedom Restoration Act
- Stafford Act
- Title I
- Title IX and Athletics
- Title IX and Sexual Harassment
- Title VII
- United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- Voting Rights Act
- Student Rights and Student Welfare Issues
- Academic Sanctions
- Bullying
- Child Abuse
- Child Benefit Test
- Child Protection
- Children's Internet Protection Act
- Corporal Punishment
- Cyberbullying
- Denominational Schools in Canada
- Dress Codes
- Extracurricular Activities, Law and Policy
- Free Speech and Expression Rights of Students
- Gangs
- Gifted Education
- Grading Practices
- Graduation Requirements
- Hazing
- Homeless Students, Rights of
- Homeschooling
- Inclusion
- Juvenile Courts
- Kindergarten, Right to Attend
- Least Restrictive Environment
- Limited English Proficiency
- Locker Searches
- Manifestation Determination
- Minimum Competency Testing
- No Child Left Behind Act
- Nonpublic Schools
- Response to Intervention (RTI)
- Student Suicides
- Testing, High-Stakes
- Transportation, Students' Rights to
- Truancy
- Vaccinations, Mandatory
- Web Sites, Student
- Teacher Rights
- Academic Freedom
- Collective Bargaining
- Drug Testing of Teachers
- Due Process Rights: Teacher Dismissal
- Family and Medical Leave Act
- Highly Qualified Teachers
- Loyalty Oaths
- Personnel Records
- Political Activities and Speech of Teachers
- Privacy Rights of Teachers
- Reduction in Force
- Sexual Harassment of Students by Teachers
- Teacher Rights
- Tenure
- Technology
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