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Douglas, William O. (1898–1980)
Justice William O. Douglas holds the record for service on the U.S. Supreme Court, 36 years and 7 months, longer than any other justice in Court history. During his career, he gained a reputation as one of the Court's leading defenders of civil liberties. However, by many accounts, Douglas was harsh on his clerks and difficult to work with, and he led a notorious personal life. His life, career, and contributions to the Court are reviewed in this entry.
Early Years
Douglas was born in Minnesota in 1898, but for most of his early years, he lived near Yakima, Washington. His father died when Douglas was only 6 years old, and as a child Douglas had to overcome illness and poverty. He suffered from polio, and for ...
- Biographies
- Alito, Samuel A., Jr.
- Black, Hugo L.
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- Burger, Warren E.
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- Kennedy, Anthony M.
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- Free Speech and Expression Rights of Students
- Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN)
- Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgendered Persons, Rights of
- Hostile Work Environment
- League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)
- Limited English Proficiency
- Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF)
- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
- Rights of Students and School Personnel With HIV/AIDS
- Segregation, De Facto
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- Sexual Harassment
- Sexual Harassment of Students by Teachers
- Sexual Harassment, Peer-to-Peer
- Sexual Harassment, Quid Pro Quo
- Sexual Harassment, Same-Sex
- Sexual Orientation
- Sexuality Education
- Sports Programming and Scheduling
- State Aid and the Establishment Clause
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- Title IX and Sexual Harassment
- White Flight
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- School Choice
- School Finance Litigation
- School-Based Decision Making
- Thorough and Efficient Systems of Education
- Tuition Reimbursement
- Virtual Schools
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- Web Sites, Use by School Districts and Boards
- Litigation — Collective Bargaining
- Litigation — Curricular Governance Issues
- Board of Education, Island Trees Union Free School District No. 26 v. Pico
- Jacobson v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts
- Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools
- Lau v. Nichols
- Martinez v. Bynum
- Meyer v. Nebraska
- Plyler v. Doe
- Springfield Township, Franklin County v. Quick
- Stuart v. School District No. 1 of Village of Kalamazoo
- United States v. American Library Association
- Litigation — Desegregation and Affirmative Action
- Boilling v. Sharpe
- Bradley v. School Board of City of Richmond
- Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
- Columbus Board of Education v. Penick
- Cooper v. Aaron
- Crawford v. Board of Education of the City of Los Angeles
- Cumming v. Board of Education of Richmond County
- Davis v. School Commissioners of Mobile County
- Dayton Board of Education v. Brinkman, I and II
- DeFunis v. Odegaard
- Dowell v. Board of Education of Oklahoma City Public Schools
- Freeman v. Pitts
- Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District
- Gong Lum v. Rice
- Goss v. Board of Education
- Goss v. Lopez
- Gratz v. Bollinger
- Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
- Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
- Griggs v. Duke Power Company
- Grutter v. Bollinger
- Hazelwood School District v. United States
- Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado
- McDaniel v. Barresi
- McDonnell Douglas Corporation, v. Green
- McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education
- Mendez v. Westminster School District
- Milliken v. Bradley
- Missouri v. Jenkins
- Monroe v. Board of Commissioners
- Northcross v. Board of Education of the Memphis City Schools
- Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
- Pasadena City Board of Education v. Spangler
- Plessy v. Ferguson
- Raney v. Board of Education
- Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
- Roberts v. City of Boston
- Rogers v. Paul
- Runyon v. McCrary
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- Sweatt v. Painter
- United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education
- United States v. Scotland Neck City Board of Education
- Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.
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- Litigation — Jurisdiction of U.S. Supreme Court
- Litigation — Prayer and Religious Activities in Public Schools
- Abington Township School District v. Schempp and Murray v. Curlett
- Board of Education of Westside Community Schools v. Mergens
- Edwards v. Aguillard
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- Engel v. Vitale
- Epperson v. State of Arkansas
- Good News Club v. Milford Central School
- Illinois ex rel. McCollum v. Board of Education
- Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District
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- Stone v. Graham
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- Widmarv. Vincent
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- Litigation — Religious Freedom
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- Litigation — Student Rights
- Baker v. Owen
- Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser
- Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie County v. Earls
- Carey v. Piphus
- Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education
- Debra P. v. Turlington
- Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools
- Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District
- Grove City College v. Bell
- Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier
- Hobson v. Hansen
- In re Gault
- Ingraham v. Wright
- Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan
- Morse v. Frederick
- Nabozny v. Podlesny
- New Jersey v. T. L. O.
- Owasso Independent School District No. 1011 v. Falvo
- Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District
- United States v. Lopez
- United States v. Virginia
- Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton
- Winkelman ex rel. Winkelman v. Parma City School District
- Litigation — Teacher Rights
- Abood v. Detroit Board of Education
- Ambach v. Norwick
- Ansonia Board of Education v. Philbrook
- Beilan v. Board of Public Education
- Bishop v. Wood
- Board of Regents v. Roth
- Burlington Industries v. Ellerth
- Cannon v. University of Chicago
- Chicago Teachers Union, Local No. 1 v. Hudson
- Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill
- Connick v. Myers
- Davenport v. Washington Education Association
- Faragher v. City of Boca Raton
- Harrah Independent School District v. Martin
- Harris v. Forklift Systems
- Hortonville Joint School District No. 1 v. Hortonville Education Association
- Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education
- Keyishian v. Board of Regents
- Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson
- Mt. Healthy City Board of Education v. Doyle
- National Labor Relations Board v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago
- National League of Cities v. Usery
- National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab
- O'Connor v. Ortega
- Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services
- Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators ' Association
- Perry v. Sindermann
- Pickering v. Board of Education of Township High School District 205, Will County
- Rendell-Baker v. Kohn
- Robinson v. Jacksonville Shipyards
- Shelton v. Tucker
- Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives' Association
- Smith v. City of Jackson, Mississippi
- St. Martin Evangelical Lutheran Church v. South Dakota
- Organizations
- Education Law Association
- Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
- Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN)
- High School Athletic Associations
- League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)
- Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF)
- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
- National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
- Parent Teacher Associations/Organizations
- U.S. Department of Education
- Parental Rights
- Primary Sources: Excerpted U.S. Supreme Court Landmark Cases
- Abington Township School District v. Schempp and Murray v. Curlett (Excerpts)
- Agostini v. Felton (Excerpts)
- Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser (Excerpts)
- Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie County v. Earls (Excerpts)
- Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley (Excerpts)
- Board of Education of Westside Community Schools v. Mergens (Excerpts)
- Board of Education v. Allen (Excerpts)
- Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka I (Excerpts)
- Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka II (Excerpts)
- Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill (Excerpts)
- Davenport v. Washington Education Association (Excerpts)
- Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education (Excerpts)
- Engel v. Vitale (Excerpts)
- Epperson v. State of Arkansas (Excerpts)
- Everson v. Board of Education of Ewing Township (Excerpts)
- Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools (Excerpts)
- Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District (Excerpts)
- Goss v. Lopez (Excerpts)
- Green v. County School Board of New Kent County (Excerpts)
- Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (Excerpts)
- Honig v. Doe (Excerpts)
- Illinois ex rel. McCollum v. Board of Education (Excerpts)
- Lee v. Weisman (Excerpts)
- Lemon v. Kurtzman (Excerpts)
- Martinez v. Bynum (Excerpts)
- Meyer v. Nebraska (Excerpts)
- Morse v. Frederick (Excerpts)
- New Jersey v. T. L. O. (Excerpts)
- Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (Excerpts)
- Pierce v. Society of Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary (Excerpts)
- Plyler v. Doe (Excerpts)
- San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (Excerpts)
- Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (Excerpts)
- Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (Excerpts)
- Zorach v. Clauson (Excerpts)
- Religion in Public Schools
- Special Education and Rights of Disabled Persons
- Assistive Technology
- Behavioral Intervention Plan
- Compensatory Services
- Disabled Persons, Rights of
- Extended School Year Services
- Free Appropriate Public Education
- Hearing Officer
- Inclusion
- Individualized Education Program (IEP)
- Least Restrictive Environment
- Manifestation Determination
- Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504
- Related Services
- Response to Intervention (RTI)
- Stay-Put Provision
- Tuition Reimbursement
- Zero Reject
- Statutes and Treaties
- Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
- Age Discrimination in Employment Act
- Americans with Disabilities Act
- Children's Internet Protection Act
- Civil Rights Act of 1871 (Section 1983)
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Digital Millennium Copyright Act
- Equal Access Act
- Equal Educational Opportunity Act
- Equal Pay Act
- Family and Medical Leave Act
- Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
- Gun-Free Schools Act
- Internet Content Filtering
- Jacob K. Javits Gifted and Talented Students Education Act
- National Defense Education Act
- National Labor Relations Act
- No Child Left Behind Act
- Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504
- Religious Freedom Restoration Act
- Stafford Act
- Title I
- Title IX and Athletics
- Title IX and Sexual Harassment
- Title VII
- United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- Voting Rights Act
- Student Rights and Student Welfare Issues
- Academic Sanctions
- Bullying
- Child Abuse
- Child Benefit Test
- Child Protection
- Children's Internet Protection Act
- Corporal Punishment
- Cyberbullying
- Denominational Schools in Canada
- Dress Codes
- Extracurricular Activities, Law and Policy
- Free Speech and Expression Rights of Students
- Gangs
- Gifted Education
- Grading Practices
- Graduation Requirements
- Hazing
- Homeless Students, Rights of
- Homeschooling
- Inclusion
- Juvenile Courts
- Kindergarten, Right to Attend
- Least Restrictive Environment
- Limited English Proficiency
- Locker Searches
- Manifestation Determination
- Minimum Competency Testing
- No Child Left Behind Act
- Nonpublic Schools
- Response to Intervention (RTI)
- Student Suicides
- Testing, High-Stakes
- Transportation, Students' Rights to
- Truancy
- Vaccinations, Mandatory
- Web Sites, Student
- Teacher Rights
- Academic Freedom
- Collective Bargaining
- Drug Testing of Teachers
- Due Process Rights: Teacher Dismissal
- Family and Medical Leave Act
- Highly Qualified Teachers
- Loyalty Oaths
- Personnel Records
- Political Activities and Speech of Teachers
- Privacy Rights of Teachers
- Reduction in Force
- Sexual Harassment of Students by Teachers
- Teacher Rights
- Tenure
- Technology
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