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School Resources
School resources are inputs into the education process, such as staff, buildings, and materials. This entry examines the definition of resources, their allocation and use in schools, and the relationship between resource use and outcomes.
Resources and their Role in Learning
Real resources are the human and physical inputs used in education; monetary resources are the finances used to purchase real resources. A common indicator of national effort in providing education is the proportion of gross domestic product (GDP) spent on schools. In 2002, on average, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries spent3.8% of GDP on primary, secondary, and postsecondary nontertiary institutions. This ranged from a maximum of5.7% in Iceland to 2.6% in Turkey. There is a tendency for poorer OECD countries to spend a ...
- Classroom Achievement
- Acceleration
- Alternative Academic Assessment
- Bell Curve
- Direct Instruction
- Educational Technology
- Failure, Effects of
- Gifted and Talented Students
- Goals
- Grade Retention
- Grading
- Halo Effect
- Home Environment and Academic Intrinsic Motivation
- Homework
- Intelligence and Intellectual Development
- Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
- Intelligence Tests
- Literacy
- Media Literacy
- Parental Expectations
- Personalized System of Instruction
- Precision Teaching
- Reading Comprehension Strategies
- Rubrics
- Spelling
- Test Anxiety
- Classroom Management
- Calculator Use
- Cheating
- Contingency Contracts
- Cooperative Learning
- Curriculum Development
- Discovery Learning
- Distance Learning
- Early Intervention Programs
- Educational Technology
- Effective Teaching, Characteristics of
- Mainstreaming
- Montessori Schools
- School Design
- School Resources
- Students' Rights
- Time-Out
- Token Reinforcement Programs
- Virtual Schools
- Vocational Education
- Cognitive Development
- Cognitive Development and School Readiness
- Conservation
- Deductive Reasoning
- Egocentrism
- Equilibration
- Field Independence–Field Dependence
- Flashbulb Memories, the Nature of
- Inductive Reasoning
- Intelligence and Intellectual Development
- Literacy
- Long-Term Memory
- Measurement and Cognitive Development
- Metacognition and Learning
- Moral Development
- Motivation and Emotion
- Object Permanence
- Perceptual Development
- Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
- Schemas
- Short-Term Memory
- Spelling
- Vygotsky's Cultural-Historical Theory of Development
- Zone of Proximal Development
- Ethnicity, Race, and Culture
- African Americans
- American Indians and Alaska Natives
- Asian Americans
- Bilingual Education
- Bilingualism
- Communication Disorders
- Cultural Deficit Model
- Cultural Diversity
- Culture
- Diversity
- Ethnicity and Race
- Head Start
- Hispanic Americans
- Identity Development
- Immigration
- Multicultural Classrooms
- Multicultural Education
- Families
- Gender and Gender Development
- Health and Well-Being
- Abstinence Education
- Athletics
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Behavior Disorders
- Brain-Relevant Education
- Communication Disorders
- Conduct Disorders
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- Disabilities
- Drug Abuse
- Dyslexia
- Eating Disorders
- Extracurricular Activities
- HIV/AIDS
- Learning Disabilities
- Malnutrition and Development
- Mental Health Care in Schools
- Mental Retardation
- Obesity
- School Counseling
- Sex Education
- Special Education
- Suicide
- Human Development
- Acculturation
- Aggression
- Androgyny
- Anxiety
- Aptitude
- Athletics
- Attachment
- Attachment Disorder
- Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Behavior Disorders
- Creativity
- Early Intervention Programs
- Egocentrism
- Emotion and Memory
- Emotional Development
- Empathy
- Equilibration
- Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development
- Extracurricular Activities
- Friendship
- Gifted and Talented Students
- Head Start
- Identity Development
- Individual Differences
- Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
- Intelligence and Intellectual Development
- Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Motivation
- Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
- Mainstreaming
- Maslow's Hierarchy of Basic Needs
- Maturation
- Mental Retardation
- Metacognition and Learning
- Moral Development
- Motivation
- Motivation and Emotion
- Motor Development
- Myelination
- Neuroscience
- Peer Influences
- Perceptual Development
- Physical Development
- Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
- Risk Factors and Development
- School Violence and Disruption
- Self-Determination
- Self-Efficacy
- Self-Esteem
- Special Education
- Test Anxiety
- Vygotsky's Cultural-Historical Theory of Development
- Intelligence and Intellectual Development
- Language Development
- Learning and Memory
- Adult Learning
- Assistive Technology
- Aversive Stimuli
- Behavior Modification
- Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
- Brain-Relevant Education
- Classical Conditioning
- Cognitive and Cultural Styles
- Cognitive View of Learning
- Cooperative Learning
- Discovery Learning
- Discrimination
- Distance Learning
- Divergent Thinking
- Educational Technology
- Emotion and Memory
- Episodic Memory
- Explicit Memory
- Flashbulb Memories, the Nature of
- Habituation
- Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Motivation
- Learning
- Learning Communities
- Learning Disabilities
- Learning Strategies
- Learning Style
- Lifelong Learning
- Long-Term Memory
- Malnutrition and Development
- Maturation
- Memory
- Metacognition and Learning
- Mnemonics
- Motivation and Emotion
- Observational Learning
- Older Learners
- Operant Conditioning
- Peer-Assisted Learning
- Perceptual Development
- Premack Principle
- Reinforcement
- Rosenthal Effect
- Shaping
- Short-Term Memory
- Social Learning Theory
- Stimulus Control
- Working Memory
- Organizations
- Peers and Peer Influences
- Public Policy
- Abstinence Education
- Assistive Technology
- Bilingual Education
- Charter Schools
- Child Abuse
- Early Child Care and Education
- English as a Second Language
- Ethics and Research
- Gangs
- Grade Retention
- Head Start
- High-Stakes Testing
- Home Education
- Immigration
- Inclusion
- Individualized Education Program
- Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
- Institutional Review Boards
- Intelligence Tests
- Least Restrictive Placement
- Mainstreaming
- No Child Left Behind
- Poverty
- School Design
- School Violence and Disruption
- Sex Education
- Special Education
- Students' Rights
- Testing
- Tracking
- Vouchers
- Research Methods and Statistics
- T Scores
- Case Studies
- Confidence Interval
- Correlation
- Cross-Sectional Research
- Descriptive Statistics
- Ethics and Research
- Ethnography
- Experimental Design
- External Validity
- Field Experiments
- Frequency Distribution
- Generalizability Theory
- Inferential Statistics
- Internal Validity
- Longitudinal Research
- Mean
- Median
- Meta-Analysis
- Mode
- Naturalistic Observation
- Normal Curve
- Percentile Rank
- Qualitative Research Methods
- Quantitative Research Methods
- Random Sample
- Regression
- Scientific Method
- Standard Deviation and Variance
- Standard Scores
- Stanine Scores
- Statistical Significance
- Social Development
- Teaching
- Aptitude Tests
- Constructivism
- Contingency Contracts
- Criterion-Referenced Testing
- Curriculum Development
- Direct Instruction
- Educational Technology
- Effective Teaching, Characteristics of
- Emotion and Memory
- English as a Second Language
- Evaluation
- Expert Teachers
- Explicit Teaching
- Goals
- Grade Retention
- Grade-Equivalent Scores
- Grading
- Home Education
- Homework
- Instructional Objectives
- Learning Objectives
- Parent–Teacher Conferences
- Personalized System of Instruction
- PRAXIS™
- Precision Teaching
- Rubrics
- Scaffolding
- School Readiness
- Sex Education
- Students' Rights
- Teaching Strategies
- Tracking
- Testing, Measurement, and Evaluation
- Acceleration
- Alternative Academic Assessment
- Aptitude Tests
- Assessment
- Bell Curve
- Certification
- Criterion-Referenced Testing
- Essay Tests
- Evaluation
- External Validity
- Generalizability Theory
- Grade Retention
- Grade-Equivalent Scores
- Grading
- High-Stakes Testing
- Intelligence Tests
- Measurement
- Measurement of Cognitive Development
- Mental Age
- Multiple-Choice Tests
- Norm-Referenced Tests
- Percentile Rank
- Personality Tests
- Reliability
- Rubrics
- Standardized Tests
- Stanford–Binet Test
- Test Anxiety
- Testing
- Validity
- Theory
- Applied Behavior Analysis
- Behavior Modification
- Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
- Classical Conditioning
- Cognitive Behavior Modification
- Cognitive View of Learning
- Constructivism
- Continuity and Discontinuity in Learning
- Cultural Deficit Model
- Dynamical Systems
- Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development
- Generalizability Theory
- Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
- Learned Helplessness
- Maslow's Hierarchy of Basic Needs
- Neuroscience
- Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
- Premack Principle
- Psychoanalytic Theory
- Psychosocial Development
- Reciprocal Determinism
- Rosenthal Effect
- Schemas
- Social Learning Theory
- Theory of Mind
- Vicarious Reinforcement
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