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United States v. Virginia (1996)
In United States v. Virginia (1996), the U.S. Supreme Court declared that the Virginia Military Institute's exclusion of women violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This entry examines the backdrop of that case, the legal arguments, the Court's analysis, and the aftermath of the decision.
The Backdrop
By 1975, most all-male colleges and universities had opened their doors to women in response to social, legal, and market forces. In 1975, Congress moved to admit women into West Point and the Naval and Air Force Academies. The plan was for women to remain distinct in limited ways rather than totally conform to each institution's male-normed life. Traditional hazing was no longer sanctioned, and the physical training program was modified.
In contrast ...
- Alternative Assessments
- African-Centered Education
- Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
- African American Families and Education
- African American Males, Education of
- Accommodation, Reasonable
- A WORLD OF DIFFERENCE® Institute
- Academic English
- Abington School District v. Schempp (1963)
- Alternative Admissions Practices
- Acculturation
- Abington School District v. Schempp (1963)
- Achievement Gap
- A WORLD OF DIFFERENCE® Institute
- Academic Standards
- Charter Schools and Minority Achievement
- Afrocentricity
- Assessment in Special and Inclusive Education
- Children With Disabilities, Families, and Public Institutions
- African Americans and Gender
- Achievement Gap and Tracking, International Evidence
- Acculturation
- Achievement Gap
- African American Vernacular English (Ebonics)
- Affirmative Action
- Asian American Native American Pacific Islander–Serving Institutions (AANAPISI)
- African American Families and Education
- Anti-Semitism in Schools and Society
- Asian American Youth in Poverty
- Activity Theory, Teacher Education, and Diversity
- Achievement Gap
- Criminal Justice System, Schools in the
- Agency and Empowerment
- Assistive Technology in Special Education
- Civic Engagement in the Community
- Aggression
- Citizenship Education and Diversity
- African Americans, Education of New Immigrant Groups
- Achievement Gap and Tracking, International Evidence
- Bilingual Charter Schools
- Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
- Asian American Studies
- African American Males, Education of
- Black Church, Youth, and the Civil Rights Movement
- At-Risk Students
- Administrator/Staff Training and Supervision for Schools With Diverse Student Populations
- Achievement Gap and Tracking, International Evidence
- Distance Education and Diversity
- Aging, Social and Cultural Perspectives
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Community in the Classroom
- Athletics, Sports, Physical Education, and Gender Equity
- Comparative Multicultural Education
- Amerasian Homecoming Act of 1988
- Anti-Oppressive Education
- Bilingual Education
- Bilingual Education
- Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in Higher Education
- African American Students: Creating Excellence
- Christian Privilege in Schools and Society
- Cultural Capital
- Alternative Pathways Into Teaching
- Achievement Tests
- E-Learning and Underserved Students
- Agricultural Education, Diversity in
- Children With Special Needs in the Middle East
- Community-Based Supports for Urban Youth
- Black Women's Studies
- Educational Best Practices From High-Achieving Nations
- Amerasian Identity
- Appalachian Education
- Bilingual Education in China
- Bilingual Education Policy in the United States
- Athletics and Diversity
- African American Vernacular English (Ebonics)
- Common Schools Movement
- Cultural Reproduction
- Antiracist Training for Educators
- Advanced Placement Tests
- Freedom of Speech, Fundamentalist Schools and
- Arts in Education, Impact and Inequalities
- Culturally Responsive Teaching and Special Education
- Community–School Partnerships
- China, Educational Equality for Ethnic Women
- Flexible Citizenship
- Asian American Pedagogy
- Assimilation, Cultural and Structural
- Bilingual Education Policy in the United States
- Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
- Black Colleges, Founding of
- African Americans, Education of
- December Dilemma
- Culture of Poverty
- Bridging Cultures, Teacher Training Project
- Alternative Assessments
- Homeschooling and Diversity
- Business, Diversity, and Education
- Deafness and Hearing Loss
- Demography, Family
- Coed Higher Education
- Globalization, Diversity, and Education
- Asian American Youth in Poverty
- Caring in Education
- Bilingual Schools in Israel
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Black Studies
- African Americans, Education of New Immigrant Groups
- Engel v. Vitale (1962)
- Digital Divide, Digital Learning, and Equal Access
- Critical Race Theory, Teacher Education, and Diversity
- Aptitude Tests
- International Schools and Cultural Diversity
- Children's Literature, Diversity, and Education
- Disabilities, Physical and Health-Related
- Divorce, Effects on Children
- Early Childhood Education and Gender
- Globalization and Intercultural Education
- Asian Americans, Diversity Among
- Catholic Schools, Diversity and Equity in
- Bilingualism
- DREAM Act
- Black Women's Studies
- African Americans and Gender
- Everson v. Board of Education (1947)
- Diversity as a Class and Caste Issue
- Culturally Responsive Assessment
- Assessment in Special and Inclusive Education
- Magnet Schools and Resegregation
- Complex Instruction
- Disabilities, Severe and Multiple
- Education and Family Diversity
- Eating Disorders and Body Image
- Human Rights and Education
- Assimilation and Education in England
- Child Labor and Education
- Center for Applied Linguistics
- Engel v. Vitale (1962)
- Campus Balkanization and Segregation
- African Caribbean Students, Achievement in U.K. Schools
- Freedom of Speech, Fundamentalist Schools and
- Dropout
- Diversifying the Teacher Workforce
- Attitudes of Preschool Children, Implicit Measures of
- Online Assessment and Diverse Learners
- Critical Pedagogy
- Disability Policy
- Empowerment Zones and Student Achievement
- Education and Transgender Diversity in Asia
- International Gender Equity Education
- Barrio Youth
- Civic Engagement and Youth, Research on
- China, Minority Languages
- Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974
- Classroom Pedagogy and Diversity in Higher Education
- African-Centered Education
- Hate Crimes, Religion and
- Educational Stratification
- Diversity and Teacher Education Policy
- Basic Skills Testing
- Privatization and Minority Student Achievement
- Critical Perspectives on Race and Schooling
- Disability Studies
- Families and Schools
- Educational Leadership and Gender
- International Schools and Cultural Diversity
- Bilingualism
- Colonial Education Systems, Influence on Middle Eastern Educational Development
- Contact Varieties of Language: Spanglish, Chinglish, Finglish
- Everson v. Board of Education (1947)
- College Choice
- Afrocentricity
- Hate Crimes After September 11, 2001
- Empowerment Zones and Student Achievement
- Diversity Training for Faculty, Staff, and Administrators
- Bias, Testing, and Assessment
- Tuition Tax Credits and Equity
- Cross-Cultural Competence in Education
- Diversity, Exceptionality, and Knowledge Construction
- Families of Children With Disabilities
- Fag Discourse
- International Students in Colleges and Universities
- Chinese Parachute Kids
- Comer School Development Program
- Diversity of Language Skills Among Children From Language-Minority Homes
- GI Bills
- Community Colleges, Diversity Issues
- Agricultural Education, Diversity in
- Houses of Worship, Terminology for
- Financial Aid and Access to Higher Education
- Dysconscious Racism and Teacher Education
- Campbell's Law
- Vouchers and Equal Opportunity
- Cultural Competence
- Emotional and Behavioral Disabilities
- Family, the
- Feminist Movement
- Internationalization of Teacher Education
- Citizenship Education and Diversity
- Controversy and Diversity in the Classroom
- English as a Second Language, Domestic and International Issues
- Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)
- Confucianism and Higher Education
- Albania, Diversity, Education, and Democratization in
- Islam in Asian Education
- First-Generation College Students
- Early Childhood Education, Teacher Preparation for Diversity in
- Classroom Assessment and Diversity
- Cultural Competence and Youth Literature
- Free Appropriate Public Education
- Family Diversity
- Feminization of Teaching
- Multicultural Education Policies and Institutionalization Across Nations
- Citizenship Education and Global Migration
- Critical Literacy
- English Language Learners
- Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)
- Critical Moments Project in Higher Education
- Amerasian Identity
- Islamophobia in U.S. Society and Schools, Recognizing and Countering
- Hawaii, Asian American Hierarchy in
- Elementary Education, Teacher Preparation for Diversity in
- English Language Learners, Accommodations for in Testing
- Cultural Consciousness
- Gifted and Talented Students
- Family Diversity and School–Family Relationships
- Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN)
- Reconciliation, Politics of, and Excluded Groups
- Cultures in Transition
- Cultural Discontinuities and Education
- English Language Learners, Redesignated
- Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
- Curriculum Transformation, Higher Education
- American Indian Identity and Education
- Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)
- Homeless Students
- English Language Learners, Teacher Preparation for Diversity
- Equity in Assessment
- Cultural Content
- Gifted Education in Asia
- Family Structure and Academic Achievement
- Gender and Civic Education
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- Diversity of Language Skills Among Children From Language-Minority Homes
- Cultural Ecology Explanation of School Failure
- English Language Speakers, Fluent and Limited
- Lau v. Nichols (1974)
- Diversity Course Requirements in Colleges and Universities
- American Indians, Education of
- New-England Primer, The
- Inequality of Educational Opportunity, Persistence of
- Ethnic Diversity in Teacher Education
- Flynn Effect
- Cultural Contextuality
- Gifted Education, Diversity, and Underrepresentation
- Fathers, Role in Families and Education
- Gender and Learning
- World-Mindedness and Global Citizenship
- Ethnic System of Supplementary Education
- Curriculum and Diversity, K–12
- English Language Variations, Teaching About
- Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)
- Diversity in Medical Schools
- Antiracist and Multicultural Education
- Pluralism Project, The
- Intergenerational Transmission of Wealth
- Identity Theory, Teacher Education, and Diversity
- High-Stakes Testing
- Cultural Hybridity
- Gifted Students and Gender
- Foster and Adoptive Families
- Gender and Teacher–Student Interaction
- Filipino Americans and Cultural Maintenance
- Deculturalization
- First-Language and Second-Language Learning
- McKinney Act of 1987
- Doctoral Training Programs, Racial/Ethnic Diversity in
- Antiracist Teaching
- Private Religious Schools (Non-Muslim) in the Middle East
- Intersectionality of Race, Class, Gender, and Ethnicity
- Immigrant Populations, Teacher Preparation for Diversity
- Intelligence Testing
- Cultural Modeling
- Inclusion and Inclusive Practices in Special Education
- Homework in Diverse Families
- Gender Bias and Curriculum
- Ghana, Diversity and Education in
- Generation 1.5, Educational Experiences of
- Deficit Thinking Paradigm
- Heritage Language Learners
- Milliken v. Bradley I and II (1974, 1977)
- Educational Benefits of Diversity
- Antiracist Training for Educators
- Religion, Culture, and Education in the United States
- Low-Income Students, Education of
- Indigenous Populations, Teacher Preparation for Diversity
- Merit-Based and Need-Based College Admissions
- Culturally Anchored Liberal Education
- Inclusive Education, International Perspectives
- Latin American Families in the United States
- Gender Equitable Education
- Kenya, Education and Diversity in
- Globalization and International Education
- Democracy, Diversity, and Schooling
- Indigenous Language Revitalization
- No Child Left Behind Act of 2001
- Equity Scorecard for Higher Education
- Asian American Native American Pacific Islander–Serving Institutions (AANAPISI)
- Religion, Curriculum Issues
- Low-Income Youth, Access to Education
- Internationalization of Teacher Education
- Opportunity-to-Learn Standards
- Culture and Education
- Individualized Education Program (IEP)
- Literacy Practices in Minority Families and Communities
- Gender Equity and Diverse Populations
- South Africa, Higher Education and Diversity in
- Hawaii, Asian American Hierarchy in
- Democratic Theory and Education
- Language, Speech, and Communication Disorders
- Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007)
- Ethnic Student Organizations
- Asian American Pedagogy
- Religion, Teaching About in Schools
- Middle East, Education of Working Children in
- Literacy, Teacher Preparation for Diversity
- Standardized Testing and Standards
- Culture and Literacy
- Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
- Out-of-School Learning and Family Involvement
- Gender Equity and Mathematics Education
- South Africa, Multicultural Education in
- Hmong Americans, Education of
- Developmental Education: Overview and Concepts
- Language and Content Instruction (English Immersion, SIOP, SDAIE)
- Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
- Ethnic Studies in Higher Education
- Asian American Studies
- Religion, the Courts, and Public Schools
- Parental Human Capital and Education
- Mathematics, Teacher Preparation for Diversity
- Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing
- Curriculum Transformation, Higher Education
- Intellectual Disability and Mental Retardation
- Parenting Young Children
- Gender Issues in Higher Education
- Hong Kong Chinese Students Studying in the United States
- Developmental Education and Ethnic Minorities
- Language and Education in Asia
- Plyler v. Doe (1982)
- Faculty Diversity in Colleges and Universities
- Asian American Youth in Poverty
- Religion and Sexuality, Intersections of
- Private Schools and Equal Educational Opportunity, United States and South Africa
- Mentoring, Teacher Preparation Pedagogy
- Students With Disabilities, Accommodations for in Testing
- Curriculum Transformation, K–12
- Learners With Special Needs, Teaching Strategies for
- Parent–Teacher Communication
- Gender Similarities Hypothesis
- Asia, Colonialism and Education in
- “Honorary White”
- Diversity: Concepts and Terminology
- Language and Identity
- Pregnancy Discrimination
- First-Generation College Students
- Asian Americans, Diversity Among
- Religion and Teaching in the College Classroom
- Social Capital
- Multicultural Teacher Education
- Students With Disabilities, Testing of
- Cyberbullying
- Learning Disabilities, Social Categories, and Educational Practices
- Poverty, Families, and Schools
- Gifted Students and Gender
- Asian Indigenization of Knowledge
- Immigrant Children, Education of
- Diversity and Student Perceptions of Famous Americans
- Language Assessment
- Regents of the University of California v. Bakke: An Academic Issue, a Civil Rights Defeat
- Fraternities, Sororities, and Diversity
- Asian Americans, Education of
- Religion in Public School Curricula in the Middle East
- Social Class and Education
- REACH Center
- Test Scores, Validity and Validation of
- Demographic Divide in U.S. Schools
- Learning Disability
- Raising Children in a Diverse Society
- Guyland
- Bilingual Education in China
- Immigrant Populations, Teacher Preparation for Diversity
- Diversity-Responsive Schools
- Language Policies and Bilingual Schooling in Europe
- Remembering Brown: Silence, Loss, Rage, and Hope
- Free Speech and Diversity
- Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in Higher Education
- Religious Holidays in U.S. Schools
- Social Class and Gender
- Research on Diversity and Teacher Education
- Testing, Historical Development of
- Diversity: A Contested Concept
- Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
- Socialization and Education
- Homophobia
- Boarding Schools for Ethnic Minorities in Laos
- Immigration and Citizenship Education
- Early Childhood Multicultural Education
- Language Proficiency
- San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (1973)
- Gender Issues in Higher Education
- Asian Indigenization of Knowledge
- Religious Instruction, Religious Symbols, and Prayer in Public Schools in Europe
- Social Class Privilege and Education
- Rural Schools, Teacher Preparation for Diversity
- Testing, Judicial Decisions on
- Diversity in Curricula in the Middle East
- Mainstreaming
- Stepfamilies, Effects on the Education of Children
- Inclusive Higher Education for Sexual and Gender Minorities
- China, Educational Equality for Ethnic Women
- Immigration and Education
- Educational Diversity in Inner Asia
- Language Socialization
- Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
- GI Bills
- Assimilation, Segmented
- Religious Minorities and Religious Schools in Europe
- Social Hierarchy
- School Leadership for Diversity
- Testing, State Versus National
- Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Education, Historical Perspectives
- Multicultural Special Education
- International Gender Equity Education
- China, Ethnic Autonomous Regions
- Immigration to European Nations
- E-Inclusion and the Digital Divide
- Linguistic Diversity in European Schools
- Sexual Harassment
- Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)
- Association for the Study of African American Life and History
- Religious Orientation and Diversity
- Social Reproduction
- Science and Technology, Teacher Preparation for Diversity
- Tests, Translation of
- Ethnomathematics
- Racial/Ethnic Disproportionality in Special Education
- Latinos, Gender, and Education
- China, Minority Languages
- Immigration to the United States
- Elementary Education, Teacher Preparation for Diversity in
- Linguistically Responsive Teacher Education
- Sherbert v. Verner (1963)
- Higher Education, Access to
- Australia, Multicultural Education in
- Religious Pluralism
- Socioeconomic Integration and Segregation
- Social Justice and Teacher Education: Issues, Challenges, and a Theory
- Eurocentricism in the United States
- Response to Intervention/Response to Instruction (RTI)
- Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Identity: Overview and Concepts
- China, Multicultural Education in
- International Migration to the United States
- Environmental Education
- Literacy Education and Diversity
- Socioeconomic Integration and Segregation
- Hispanic-Serving Institutions
- Barrio Youth
- Separation of Church and State
- Suburban Schooling
- Social Justice Teacher Education
- Facing History and Ourselves
- Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
- Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Higher Education
- Citizenship Education in Asia
- Mexican Americans, Education of
- Ethnic Studies, Integration Into K–12 Curriculum
- Literacy Practices in Minority Families and Communities
- Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)
- Historically Black Colleges and Universities
- Black Church, Youth, and the Civil Rights Movement
- Sherbert v. Verner (1963)
- Undocumented Immigrants, Children of
- Special Education, Teacher Education, and Diversity
- Gender Bias and Curriculum
- Special Education
- Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in K–12 Education
- Confucian Societies, Education in
- Micronesians in the United States
- Gender and Teacher–Student Interaction
- Malaysia, Bilingual Education in
- Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
- Hong Kong Chinese Students Studying in the United States
- Black Schools in the Segregated South
- United States, Islamic Schools in
- Unequal Childhoods
- Students With Special Needs, Teacher Preparation for Diversity
- Gender Equity and Mathematics Education
- Special Education and Inclusive Education in Europe
- Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Students: Conceptual Approaches in Research Literature
- Confucianism and Higher Education
- Migration
- Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)
- Minority Languages and Protection of National Minorities in Europe
- Title III of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
- Inclusive Higher Education for Sexual and Gender Minorities
- Black Studies
- World's Parliament of Religions, 1893
- United States, Education of Immigrants in
- Teacher Accreditation Programs: Accreditation and Diversity
- Historiography, Diversity, and Education
- Special Education and Students of Color
- Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Students: Teacher Preparation for Diversity
- Culturally Responsive Counseling, Hong Kong
- Nativism in the United States
- Head Start
- New Literacies and Learners From Diverse Communities
- Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
- Intercultural Higher Education Campus, Creating the
- Black Women's Studies
- Urban Underclass
- Teacher Education in the United States: Approaches to Improvement
- Indigenous Knowledge and Science Education
- Special Education in Europe, Overrepresentation of Minority Students
- Math Anxiety and Gender
- Culture and Learning in Asian Societies
- New Immigrants, Diversity of
- Human Rights and Education
- Race, Ability, and Language, Intersections of
- Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
- International Students in Colleges and Universities
- Boarding Schools for Ethnic Minorities in Laos
- Teacher Educator Preparation for Diversity
- Indigenous Knowledge and Skills
- Special Education, Teacher Education, and Diversity
- Math–Gender Stereotypes in Elementary School Children
- Demographic Divide in Asian Nations
- Pilipino Cultural Nights
- Identity, School Textbooks, and Rebuilding Memory
- Second Language Acquisition
- Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Higher Education
- Brazil, Indigenous Education in
- Teacher Preparation for Diversity
- Informal Learning
- Students With Disabilities, Accommodations for in Testing
- National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education (NCWGE)
- Education and Transgender Diversity in Asia
- Plyler v. Doe (1982)
- Identity-Safe School Environments, Creating
- Second Language Learning
- United States v. Virginia (1996)
- Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Students: Teacher Preparation for Diversity
- Brazil, Racial Diversity and Education in
- Teacher Preparation for Diversity, History and Social Studies
- Knowledge, Types of
- Students With Disabilities, Testing of
- Queer Studies
- Educational Diversity in Inner Asia
- Refugees, Children of
- Inclusive Education
- Second Language Speakers (L2 Users) in the United States
- Linguistically Responsive Teacher Education
- Business, Diversity, and Education
- Teacher Preparation Pedagogy, Child Study Approach
- Learning Science in Informal Environments
- Students With Special Needs, Teacher Preparation for Diversity
- Race, Gender, and Skin Tone
- Gifted Education in Asia
- Refugees, Education of in the Middle East
- Inclusive Education, International Perspectives
- Two-Way Immersion Education
- Living Learning Communities
- Cambodian Americans, Education of
- Teacher Preparation Pedagogy, Community-Based
- Learning Styles
- Transition From Adolescence to Adulthood, Disability and
- Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) Majors and Women
- Hong Kong, Education and National Identity
- Second-Generation Identities
- Informal Learning
- Canada, Citizenship Education and Multiculturalism in
- Teacher Preparation Pedagogy, Critical Reflection and
- Life-Long, Life-Wide, and Life-Deep Learning
- Visual Impairments
- Sex and Gender Differences
- Hong Kong, Education of Ethnic Minorities in
- South Asian Americans
- Jencks Report
- Mexican American Studies/Chicana/o Studies
- Canada, Multicultural Education in
- Teacher Preparation Pedagogy, Practitioner Research
- Linguistic Hybridity
- Sex Role Stereotypes and Gender Differences
- Hong Kong, Education of South Asians in
- South Asian Muslim Youth in the United States
- K–16 Educational Pipeline
- Mexico, Intercultural Universities in
- Center for Multicultural Education
- Urban Schools, Teacher Preparation for Diversity
- Low-Income Students, Education of
- Social Class and Gender
- Hong Kong and the United States, Diversity and Education in
- Undocumented Students
- Lau v. Nichols (1974)
- Multiracial Student Issues in Colleges and Universities
- China, Ethnic Autonomous Regions
- White Teachers, Teacher Preparation for Diversity
- Marginality in Education
- Social Construction of Gender
- India, Multicultural Education in
- Undocumented Students in Higher Education
- Learning, Schooling, Culture, and Identity
- Organizational Context for Promoting Diversity in Higher Education
- China, Multicultural Education in
- Mathematics, Collaborative Learning in
- South Asian Women and Girls, Education of
- Islam in Asian Education
- United States, Education of Immigrants in
- Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in K–12 Education
- Proprietary Colleges and Diversity
- Chinese Parachute Kids
- Mathematics Education and Diversity
- Special Education and Gender
- Japan, Multicultural Education in
- Vietnamese American Youth
- Life-Long, Life-Wide, and Life-Deep Learning
- Puerto Rican Studies
- Citizenship Education and Diversity
- Math–Gender Stereotypes in Elementary School Children
- West Indies, Gender and Academic Achievement in
- Korea, Multicultural Education in
- Low-Income Students, Education of
- Race-Conscious Admissions, Referenda to Ban
- Citizenship Education and Global Migration
- Media, Curriculum, and Teaching
- Women's Studies
- Language and Education in Asia
- Low-Income Youth, Access to Education
- Religious Orientation and Diversity
- Citizenship Education and Laïcité in France
- Multicultural Education, Definitions and Curriculum Standards
- Young Men of Color, Educational Experiences of
- Malaysia, Bilingual Education in
- Mathematics, Collaborative Learning in
- Retention and Diversity in Higher Education
- Civic Engagement and Diversity
- Music Education and Diversity
- Middle East, Education of Working Children in
- Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) and Diversity
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Nomadic Populations in the Middle East, Curriculum for
- Philippines, Education of Ethnic Minorities in
- Middle East, Private Operation of Public Schools in
- Single-Sex Colleges
- Coleman Report
- Popular Culture and Curriculum
- Singapore, Education and Ethnic Diversity in
- Multiethnic Schools, Creating Effective
- South Africa, Higher Education and Diversity in
- Color-Blind Perspective
- Positioning, Situated Learning, and Identity Formation
- South Asian Women and Girls, Education of
- Multiliteracies
- Undergraduate Readiness for Diversity
- Color-Blind Perspective, Research Findings
- Postmodernism
- Tibetan Diaspora, Education in
- Multiple Intelligences
- Undocumented Students in Higher Education
- Comparative Multicultural Education
- Race, Teaching About
- Vietnam, Ethnic Education in
- No Child Left Behind Act of 2001
- Compensatory Education
- Religion, Curriculum Issues
- Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007)
- Complex Instruction
- Religion in Public School Curricula in the Middle East
- Australia, Multicultural Education in
- Political Literacy and Education
- Contact Theory
- Resiliency, Identity, and Competence
- Māori, Education of
- Positioning, Situated Learning, and Identity Formation
- Cooperative Learning
- Resistance Theory
- Preservice and Inservice Diversity Courses
- Counseling Children and Adolescents From Diverse Groups
- SEED (Seeking Educational Equity and Diversity) Project on Inclusive Curriculum
- Trinidad and Tobago, Diversity and Education in
- Racism in Schools
- Courageous Conversations About Race
- Social Context
- West Indies, Gender and Academic Achievement in
- Refugees, Children of
- Critical Multiculturalism and Education
- Social Justice and Power, Teaching About
- Religion, Teaching About in Schools
- Critical Race Theory and Education
- Social Reconstruction and Education
- African Caribbean Students, Achievement in U.K. Schools
- Remembering Brown: Silence, Loss, Rage, and Hope
- Critical Theory and Multicultural Education
- Student Activism
- Albania, Diversity, Education, and Democratization in
- Resistance Theory
- Cultural Competence and Youth Literature
- Success for All
- Assimilation and Education in England
- School Discipline, Race, and Ethnicity
- Cultural Gifts Movement
- Talent Development Model of Schooling
- Citizenship Education and Laïcité in France
- School-to-Prison Pipeline
- Cultural Identity, Stages of
- Teacher Expectations
- Citizenship Education in Europe
- Science Education and Diversity
- Culturally Anchored Liberal Education
- Teaching, Learning, and Schooling in Social Contexts
- Cyprus, Intercultural Education in
- Student Activism
- Culturally Responsive Counseling, Hong Kong
- Third Space and Sociocritical Literacy
- Germany, Multicultural Education in
- Subtractive Schooling
- Culturally Responsive Leadership
- United States, Multicultural Education in
- Greece, Multicultural Education in
- Success for All
- Culturally Responsive Pedagogy
- Urban Schools, Effective Practices in
- Immigration to European Nations
- Talent Development Model of Schooling
- Culturally Responsive Teaching and Special Education
- Voice and Visibility
- Intercultural Education and Intercultural Learning in Europe
- Third Space and Sociocritical Literacy
- Culture, Diversity, and Education
- White Privilege and Education
- Intercultural Teacher Training in Europe
- Tracking in U.S. Schools
- Culture and Learning
- World-Mindedness and Global Citizenship
- Islamophobia and Anti-Semitism in Europe, Educational Responses to
- Urban Schools: New Teachers
- Culture and Learning in Asian Societies
- Language Policies and Bilingual Schooling in Europe
- Urban Schools, Essential Supports for Reform
- Curriculum Transformation, Higher Education
- Linguistic Diversity in European Schools
- White Teachers in Multicultural Education
- Curriculum Transformation, K–12
- Minority Languages and Protection of National Minorities in Europe
- Youth Participatory Action Research
- Cyprus, Intercultural Education in
- Minority Schooling in Europe
- Democracy, Diversity, and Schooling
- Religious Instruction, Religious Symbols, and Prayer in Public Schools in Europe
- Demographics in the United States, Trends and Developments
- Religious Minorities and Religious Schools in Europe
- Developmental Education and Ethnic Minorities
- Roma in Europe, Education of
- Diversity: A Contested Concept
- Russia, Education of Ethnic Groups
- Diversity, Exceptionality, and Knowledge Construction
- Russia, Multicultural Education in
- Diversity and Student Perceptions of Famous Americans
- Special Education and Inclusive Education in Europe
- Diversity in Curricula in the Middle East
- Special Education in Europe, Overrepresentation of Minority Students
- Diversity-Responsive Schools
- Sweden, Multicultural Education in
- Dysconscious Racism and Teacher Education
- Turkey, Kurdish Education in
- Early Childhood Multicultural Education
- United Kingdom, Multicultural Education in
- Empowerment and Education
- United Kingdom, Race and Education in
- Equity, Educational
- Xenophobia and Antidiscrimination in Europe
- Essentializing Racial and Ethnic Identity
- Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Education, Historical Perspectives
- Brazil, Indigenous Education in
- Ethnic and Racial Identity, Educational Implications
- Brazil, Racial Diversity and Education in
- Ethnic and Racial Identity Development
- Mexico, Intercultural Universities in
- Ethnic Diversity in Teacher Education
- Mexico, Multicultural Education in
- Ethnic Stratification and Diversity
- School Reform and Use of English in Latin America: Mexico, Costa Rica, and Peru
- Ethnic Student Organizations
- Ethnic Studies, Integration Into K–12 Curriculum
- Bilingual Schools in Israel
- Ethnic Studies, Research on
- Children With Special Needs in the Middle East
- Ethnic Studies in Higher Education
- Colonial Education Systems, Influence on Middle Eastern Educational Development
- Ethnicity, Persistence of
- Diversity in Curricula in the Middle East
- Ethnocentrism in Education
- Educational Reform in the Middle East
- Ethnomathematics
- Iran, Minority Education in
- Filipino Americans and Cultural Maintenance
- Israel, Arab Education in
- Flexible Citizenship
- Lebanon, Diversity and Education in
- Funds of Knowledge
- Middle East, Education of Working Children in
- Gender Equity and Diverse Populations
- Middle East, Population Pressure on Education in
- Germany, Multicultural Education in
- Middle East, Private Operation of Public Schools in
- Ghana, Diversity and Education in
- Nomadic Populations in the Middle East, Curriculum for
- Gifted Education, Diversity, and Underrepresentation
- Private Religious Schools (Non-Muslim) in the Middle East
- Globalization and Intercultural Education
- Privatization of Education in the Middle East
- Hawaii, Asian American Hierarchy in
- Refugees, Education of in the Middle East
- Hip Hop and Education
- Religion in Public School Curricula in the Middle East
- Hispanic-Serving Institutions
- Historically Black Colleges and Universities
- Bilingual Education Policy in the United States
- Hmong Americans, Education of
- Canada, Citizenship Education and Multiculturalism in
- Holidays, School
- Canada, Multicultural Education in
- Hong Kong, Education of Ethnic Minorities in
- Demographics in the United States, Trends and Developments
- Hong Kong, Education of South Asians in
- Eurocentrism in the United States
- Hong Kong and the United States, Diversity and Education in
- Immigration to the United States
- Hong Kong Chinese Students Studying in the United States
- Jewish Education in the United States
- India, Multicultural Education in
- Nativism in the United States
- Indian Boarding Schools in the United States
- Religion, Culture, and Education in the United States
- Indigenous Knowledge and Science Education
- Second Language Speakers (L2 Users) in the United States
- Indigenous Knowledge and Skills
- United States: Educational Inequality
- Indigenous Language Revitalization
- United States, Education of Immigrants in
- Indigenous Populations, Education of
- United States, Intercultural/Intergroup Education in
- Intercultural Communication
- United States, Islamic Schools in
- Intercultural Education
- United States, Multicultural Education in
- Intercultural Education and Intercultural Learning in Europe
- Intercultural Teacher Training in Europe
- Intergroup Contact and Social Justice
- Intergroup Dialogue
- International Association for Intercultural Education
- Interracial Friendship, Dating, and Marriage
- Intersectionality and Education
- Intersectionality of Race, Class, Gender, and Ethnicity
- Intragroup Diversity
- Iran, Minority Education in
- Islamophobia and Anti-Semitism in Europe, Educational Responses to
- Israel, Arab Education in
- Jencks Report
- Jewish Education in the United States
- Kenya, Education and Diversity in
- Knowledge, Types of
- Language and Identity
- Latin American Families in the United States
- Latino Identity, Philosophy of
- Latinos, Education of
- Latinos, Gender, and Education
- Learning, Schooling, Culture, and Identity
- Lebanon, Diversity and Education in
- Literacy Education and Diversity
- Māori, Education of
- Mathematics Education and Diversity
- Mexican American Studies/Chicana/o Studies
- Mexican Americans, Education of
- Mexico, Intercultural Universities in
- Microaggressions, Racial
- Middle Eastern Americans, Education of
- Minority Group
- Minority Schooling in Europe
- Model Minorities and the Model Minority Myth
- Multicultural Citizenship
- Multicultural Citizenship and Intercultural Education
- Multicultural Counseling
- Multicultural Education, Approaches to Curriculum Reform
- Multicultural Education, Development of: An Eyewitness Account
- Multicultural Education, Dimensions of
- Multicultural Education, Purposes and Goals
- Multicultural Education Policies and Institutionalization Across Nations
- Multicultural Education Series
- Multicultural Special Education
- Multiculturalism and Sociocultural Identity
- Multiethnic Schools, Creating Effective
- Multiracial and Multiethnic Identities
- Multiracial Students in K–12 Schools
- Music Education and Diversity
- National Association for Multicultural Education
- Native American Studies
- Nativism in the United States
- New Literacies and Learners From Diverse Communities
- Nomadic Populations in the Middle East, Curriculum for
- Objectivity and Diversity
- Pacific Islander Americans, Education of
- Patriotism, Diversity, and Education
- People of Color
- Philippines, Education of Ethnic Minorities in
- Pilipino Cultural Nights
- Positionality and Knowledge Construction
- Prejudice and Discrimination
- Prejudice Reduction
- Privatization and Minority Student Achievement
- Professional Development for Cultural Competence
- Puerto Rican Americans, Education of
- Puerto Rican Studies
- Race, Ability, and Language, Intersections of
- Race, Gender, and Skin Tone
- Race, Teaching About
- Race and Education
- Race and Human Genome Variation
- Racial/Ethnic Disproportionality in Special Education
- Racialization, Process of
- Racism in Schools
- REACH Center
- Reconciliation, Politics of, and Excluded Groups
- Regents of the University of California v. Bakke: An Academic Issue, a Civil Rights Defeat
- Remembering Brown: Silence, Loss, Rage, and Hope
- Resilience and Efficacy in Urban Schools
- Resiliency, Identity, and Competence
- Roma in Europe, Education of
- Russia, Education of Ethnic Groups
- Russia, Multicultural Education in
- School Discipline, Race, and Ethnicity
- Science Education and Diversity
- Segregation, Desegregation, and Resegregation
- Service Learning, Diversity, and Teacher Education
- Singapore, Education and Ethnic Diversity in
- Social Justice and Education in Europe
- Social Protest and Education
- Social Studies Education and Diversity
- South Africa, Multicultural Education in
- South Asian Americans
- South Asian Muslim Youth in the United States
- Special Education and Students of Color
- Stereotype Threat
- Student Diversity: Clarifying Meanings
- Subtractive Schooling
- Sweden, Multicultural Education in
- Tibetan Diaspora, Education in
- Turkey, Kurdish Education in
- Two-Faced Racism: Whites in the Backstage and Frontstage
- Undergraduate Readiness for Diversity
- United Kingdom, Multicultural Education in
- United Kingdom, Race and Education in
- United States: Educational Inequality
- United States, Intercultural/Intergroup Education in
- United States, Multicultural Education in
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- Vietnam, Ethnic Education in
- Vietnamese American Youth
- White Privilege and Education
- Xenophobia and Antidiscrimination in Europe
- Young Men of Color, Educational Experiences of
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