Islamophobia and Anti-Semitism in Europe, Educational Responses to

Europe has always been multicultural, though the face of this multiculturalism has changed significantly in past decades. This ever-changing multiculturalism has frequently led to conflicts in the past—both between nations and between the [Page 1278]majority population and minority groups within a given nation. Minority religious communities have often suffered at the hands of an unaccepting majority. Two of the main religious communities that have been the target of intolerant attitudes in the past century are the Jewish and Muslim communities of Europe. There are indications that such intolerant attitudes not only continue but are on the rise. There are further indications that negative attitudes toward Muslims and Jews are related and point to an increasing general intolerance toward those considered to be outsiders.

European educational systems, ...