SAGE Reference - Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, & Africa: An Encyclopedia

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Turkmenistan: 1900 to Present: South, Central, and West Asia

By: Jonathan Z. Ludwig
In: Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, & Africa: An Encyclopedia
Edited by: Andrea L. Stanton, Edward Ramsamy, Peter J. Seybolt & Carolyn M. Elliott
Subject:Sociology of Culture, Area Studies (general), Social & Cultural Anthropology
Keywords:cult of personality; cults; independence; parliament; republics; teeth; Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan is one of five former Soviet central Asian Republics that gained independence after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. A predominantly Sunni Muslim country of Turkic heritage, Turkmenistan is bordered by Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Iran, and the Caspian ...

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  Ludwig, J. (2012). Turkmenistan: 1900 to present: south, central, and west asia. In A. L. StantonE. Ramsamy, & P. J. Seybolt (Eds.), Cultural sociology of the Middle East, Asia, & Africa: An encyclopedia (Vol. 1, pp. IV313-IV313). SAGE Publications, Inc., https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452218458.n800
  
  Ludwig, Jonathan Z. "Turkmenistan: 1900 to Present: South, Central, and West Asia." In Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, & Africa: An Encyclopedia, edited by Stanton, Andrea L., Edward Ramsamy, and Peter J. Seybolt, IV313. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2012. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452218458.n800.
  
  Ludwig, J. 2012. Turkmenistan: 1900 to Present: South, Central, and West Asia. In: Andrea L. Stanton, Edward Ramsamy and Peter J. Seybolt Editors, 2012. Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, & Africa: An Encyclopedia, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. IV313 Available at: <https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452218458.n800> [Accessed 17 Aug 2022].
  
  Ludwig, Jonathan Z. "Turkmenistan: 1900 to Present: South, Central, and West Asia." Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, & Africa: An Encyclopedia. Edited by Andrea L. StantonEdward Ramsamy and Peter J. Seybolt. Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2012, pp. IV313. SAGE Knowledge. 17 Aug 2022, doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452218458.n800.
  
  Ludwig, Jonathan Z. (2012). Turkmenistan: 1900 to present: south, central, and west asia In: Stanton, Andrea L., Edward Ramsamy, and Peter J. Seybolt (Eds.),Turkmenistan: 1900 to present: South, Central, and West Asia Cultural sociology of the Middle East, Asia, & Africa: An encyclopedia Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.; 2012:IV313-IV313. doi:10.4135/9781452218458.n800
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