Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, &amp;amp; Africa: An Encyclopedia

Ulrike Schuerkens

doi:10.4135/9781452218458

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Secret Societies: 1900 to Present: Africa

By: Ulrike Schuerkens
In:Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, & Africa: An Encyclopedia
Chapter DOI:https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452218458
Subject:Sociology of Culture, Area Studies (general), Social & Cultural Anthropology
Keywords:Freemasons; Gabon; initiation; rituals; secret societies; secrets; Togo

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In African history, spiritual aspects have often characterized elite groups of different origins that keep particular information within a small circle of members. Many African heads of state or members of governments are known for participating in closed or ...

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  Schuerkens, U. (Ed.) (2012). . (Vols. 1-4). SAGE Publications, Inc., https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452218458
  
  Schuerkens, Ulrike, ed. Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, & Africa: An Encyclopedia. 4 vols. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2012. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452218458.
  
  Schuerkens, U. ed., 2012. Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, & Africa: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. Available at: <https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452218458> [Accessed 5 Jun 2023].
  
  Schuerkens, Ulrike, editor. Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, & Africa: An Encyclopedia. 4 vols. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2012. Sage Knowledge, 5 Jun 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452218458.
  
  Schuerkens, Ulrike. Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, & Africa: An Encyclopedia Vol. 4. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.; 2012. doi:10.4135/9781452218458
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