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Perceptual Deterrence
Deterrence is a process in which threatened or actual sanctions discourage criminal acts. There are official sanctions, such as incarceration or probation. There are also non-legal punishments; for example, people may refrain from offending to avoid disapproval from ...
- The Classical School of Criminology
- The Positivist School of Criminology
- Annotated Further Readings: The Positivist School of Criminology
- Aschaffenburg, Gustav: German Criminology
- Ferri, Enrico: Positivist School
- Garofalo, Raffaele: Positivist School
- Goring, Charles: The English Convict
- Kretschmer, Ernst: Physique and Character
- Lombroso, Cesare: The Criminal Man
- Phrenology
- Quetelet, Adolphe: Explaining Crime Through Statistical and Cartographic Techniques
- Early American Theories of Crime
- Aichhorn, August: Wayward Youth
- Alexander, Franz, and William Healy: Roots of Crime
- Annotated Further Readings: Early American Theories of Crime
- Dugdale, Richard L.: The Jukes
- Eugenics and Crime: Early American Positivism
- Goddard, Henry H.: Feeblemindedness and Delinquency
- Hooton, Earnest A.: The American Criminal
- Insanity and Crime: Early American Positivism
- Parmelee, Maurice
- Sheldon, William H.: Somatotypes and Delinquency
- Biological and Biosocial Theories of Crime
- Alcohol and Violence
- Annotated Further Readings: Biological and Biosocial Theories of Crime
- Brain Abnormalities and Crime
- Ellis, Lee: Evolutionary Neuroandrogenic Theory
- Environmental Toxins Theory
- Eysenck, Hans J.: Crime and Personality
- Fishbein, Diana H.: Biosocial Theory
- Harris, Judith Rich: Why Parents Do Not Matter
- Herrnstein, Richard J., and Charles Murray: Crime and the Bell Curve
- Mednick, Sarnoff A.: Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Theory
- Neurology and Crime
- Nutrition and Crime
- Prenatal Influences and Crime
- Psychophysiology and Crime
- Schizophrenia and Crime
- Vila, Brian J., Lawrence E. Cohen, and Richard S. Machalek: Evolutionary Expropriative Theory
- Wilson, James Q., and Richard J. Herrnstein: Crime and Human Nature
- XYY Aggression Theory
- Psychological Theories of Crime
- Andrews, D. A., and James Bonta: A Personal, Interpersonal, and Community-Reinforcement (PIC-R) Perspective on Criminal Conduct
- Annotated Further Readings: Psychological Theories of Crime
- Bandura, Albert: Social Learning Theory
- Cognitive Theories of Crime
- Dodge, Kenneth A.: Aggression and a Hostile Attribution Style
- Freudian Theory
- Glueck, Sheldon, and Eleanor Glueck: The Origins of Crime
- Hare, Robert D.: Psychopathy and Crime
- Kohlberg, Lawrence: Moral Development Theory
- Lahey, Benjamin B., and Irwin D. Waldman: Developmental Propensity Model
- Media Violence Effects
- Mental Illness and Crime
- Patterson, Gerald R.: Social Learning, the Family, and Crime
- Raine, Adrian: Crime as a Disorder
- Walters, Glenn D.: Lifestyle Theory
- Yochelson, Samuel, and Stanton E. Samenow: The Criminal Personality
- The Chicago School of Criminology
- Annotated Further Readings: The Chicago School of Criminology
- Burgess, Robert L., and Ronald L. Akers: Differential Association-Reinforcement Theory
- De Fleur, Melvin L., and Richard Quinney: A Reformulation of Sutherland's Differential Association Theory
- Kobrin, Solomon: Neighborhoods and Crime
- Kornhauser, Ruth Rosner: Social Sources of Delinquency
- Sampson, Robert J.: Collective Efficacy Theory
- Shaw, Clifford R., and Henry D. McKay: Social Disorganization Theory
- Shaw, Clifford R.: The Jack-Roller
- Spergel, Irving: Neighborhoods and Delinquent Subcultures
- Steffensmeier, Darrell J., and Jeffery T. Ulmer: The Professional Fence
- Sutherland, Edwin H.: Differential Association Theory and Differential Social Organization
- Sutherland, Edwin H.: The Professional Thief
- Thrasher, Frederick M.: The Gang
- Turner, Ralph H.: Deviant Roles and the Social Construction of Behavior
- Whyte, William Foote: Street Corner Society
- Cultural and Learning Theories of Crime
- Akers, Ronald L.: Social Learning Theory
- Anderson, Elijah: Code of the Street
- Annotated Further Readings: Cultural and Learning Theories of Crime
- Bennett, William J., John J. DiIulio, Jr., and John P. Walters: Moral Poverty Theory
- Matza, David, and Gresham M. Sykes: Subterranean Values and Delinquency
- Miller, Walter B.: Lower-Class Culture Theory of Delinquency
- Peers and Delinquency
- Sellin, Thorsten: Culture Conflict and Crime
- Southern Subculture of Violence Theory
- Wolfgang, Marvin E., and Franco Ferracuti: Subculture of Violence Theory
- Anomie and Strain Theories of Crime and Deviance
- Agnew, Robert: General Strain Theory
- Annotated Further Readings: Anomie and Strain Theories of Crime and Deviance
- Cloward, Richard A., and Lloyd E. Ohlin: Delinquency and Opportunity
- Cloward, Richard A.: The Theory of Illegitimate Means
- Cohen, Albert K.: Delinquent Boys
- Durkheim, Émile: Anomie and Suicide
- Hagan, John, and Bill McCarthy: Mean Streets and Delinquency
- Merton, Robert K.: Social Structure and Anomie
- Messner, Steven F., and Richard Rosenfeld: Institutional-Anomie Theory
- Parsons, Talcott: Aggression in the Western World
- Stinchcombe, Arthur L.: Rebellion in a High School
- Thio, Alex: Relative Deprivation and Deviance
- Control Theories of Crime
- Annotated Further Readings: Control Theories of Crime
- Briar, Scott, and Irving Piliavin: Delinquency, Commitment, and Stake in Conformity
- Gottfredson, Michael R., and Travis Hirschi: Self-Control Theory
- Hagan, John: Power-Control Theory
- Hirschi, Travis: Social Control Theory
- Matza, David: Delinquency and Drift
- Nye, F. Ivan: Family Controls and Delinquency
- Reckless, Walter C.: Containment Theory
- Reiss, Albert J., Jr.: Personal and Social Controls and Delinquency
- Sykes, Gresham M., and David Matza: Techniques of Neutralization
- Tittle, Charles R., David A. Ward, and Harold G. Grasmick: The Capacity and Desire for Self-Control
- Toby, Jackson: Stake in Conformity
- Wells, Edward L., and Joseph H. Rankin: Direct Controls and Delinquency
- Labeling and Interactionist Theories of Crime
- Annotated Further Readings: Labeling and Interactionist Theories of Crime
- Athens, Lonnie: Interaction and Violence
- Becker, Howard S.: Labeling and Deviant Careers
- Chambliss, William J.: The Saints and the Roughnecks
- Cohen, Albert K.: Deviance and Control
- Erikson, Kai T.: Wayward Puritans
- Grounded Theory
- Heimer, Karen, and Ross L. Matsueda: A Theory of Differential Social Control
- Katz, Jack: Seductions of Crime
- Lafree, Gary D., and Christopher Birkbeck: Situational Analysis of Crime
- Lemert, Edwin M.: Primary and Secondary Deviance
- Luckenbill, David F.: Stages in Violence
- Matsueda, Ross L.: Reflected Appraisals and Delinquency
- Matza, David: Becoming Deviant
- Schur, Edwin M.: Radical Non-Intervention and Delinquency
- Spector, Malcolm, and John I. Kitsuse: Constructing Social Problems
- Sudnow, David: Normal Crimes
- Tannenbaum, Frank: The Dramatization of Evil
- Theories of the Criminal Sanction
- Annotated Further Readings: Theories of Criminal Sanction
- Becker, Gary S.: Punishment, Human Capital, and Crime
- Braithwaite, John: Reintegrative Shaming Theory
- Gendreau, Paul, D. A. Andrews, and James Bonta: The Theory of Effective Correctional Intervention
- General Deterrence Theory
- Gibbs, Jack P.: Deterrence Theory
- Incarceration and Recidivism
- McCarthy, Bill, and John Hagan: Danger and Deterrence
- Nagin, Daniel S., and Raymond Paternoster: Individual Differences and Deterrence
- Perceptual Deterrence
- Pogarsky, Greg, and Alex R. Piquero: The Resetting Effect
- Rose, Dina R., and Todd R. Clear: Coerced Mobility Theory
- Sherman, Lawrence W.: Defiance Theory
- Stafford, Mark C., and Mark Warr: Deterrence Theory
- Tyler, Tom R.: Sanctions and Procedural Justice Theory
- Williams, Kirk R., and Richard Hawkins: Deterrence Theory and Non-Legal Sanctions
- Conflict, Radical, and Critical Theories of Crime
- Abolitionism
- Anarchist Criminology
- Annotated Further Readings: Conflict, Radical, and Critical Theories of Crime
- Bonger, Willem: Capitalism and Crime
- Chambliss, William J.: Power, Conflict, and Crime
- Colvin, Mark, and John Pauly: A Structural Marxist Theory of Delinquency
- Colvin, Mark: Coercion Theory
- Convict Criminology
- Cultural Criminology
- Currie, Elliott: The Market Society and Crime
- Gordon, David M.: Political Economy and Crime
- Greenberg, David F.: Age, Capitalism, and Crime
- Left Realism Criminology
- Marx, Karl, and Frederick Engels: Capitalism and Crime
- Peacemaking Criminology
- Postmodern Theory
- Quinney, Richard: Social Transformation and Peacemaking Criminology
- Regoli, Robert M., and John D. Hewitt: Differential Oppression Theory
- Spitzer, Steven: Capitalism and Crime
- Taylor, Ian, Paul Walton, and Jock Young: The New Criminology
- Turk, Austin T.: The Criminalization Process
- Vold, George B.: Group Conflict Theory
- Feminist and Gender-Specific Theories of Crime
- Adler, Freda: Sisters in Crime
- Alarid, Leanne Fiftal, and Velmer S. Burton, Jr.: Gender and Serious Offending
- Annotated Further Readings: Feminist and Gender-Specific Theories of Crime
- Bartusch, Dawn Jeglum, and Ross L. Matsueda: Gender and Reflected Appraisals
- Bottcher, Jean: Social Practices of Gender
- Broidy, Lisa M., and Robert Agnew: A General Strain Theory of Gender and Crime
- Campbell, Anne: Girls in the Gang
- Chesney-Lind, Meda: Feminist Model of Female Delinquency
- Costello, Barbara J., and Helen J. Mederer: A Control Theory of Gender and Crime
- Daly, Kathleen: Women's Pathways to Felony Court
- Freud, Sigmund: The Deviant Woman
- Hagan, John, and Holly Foster: Stress and Gendered Pathways to Delinquency
- Haynie, Dana L.: Contexts of Risk
- Heimer, Karen, and Stacy De Coster: The Gendering of Violent Delinquency
- Klein, Dorie: The Etiology of Female Crime
- Koss, Mary P.: The Prevalence and Sources of Rape
- Lombroso, Cesare: The Female Offender
- Maher, Lisa: Sexed Work
- Messerschmidt, James W.: Masculinities and Crime
- Miller, Jody: Gendered Social Organization Theory
- Miller, Jody: Girls, Gangs, and Gender
- Moore, Joan W.: Homeboys and Homegirls in the Barrio
- Pollak, Otto: The Hidden Female Offender
- Rape Myths and Violence Against Women
- Russell, Diana E. H.: The Politics of Rape
- Schwartz, Martin D., and Victoria L. Pitts: A Feminist Routine Activity Theory
- Simon, Rita J.: Women and Crime
- Simpson, Sally S.: Gender, Class, and Crime
- Smart, Carol: Women, Crime, and Criminology
- Steffensmeier, Darrell J., and Emilie Andersen Allan: A Gendered Theory of Offending
- Steffensmeier, Darrell J.: Organization Properties and Sex Segregation in the Underworld
- Thomas, W. I.: The Unadjusted Girl
- Widom, Cathy Spatz: The Cycle of Violence
- Choice and Opportunity Theories of Crime
- Annotated Further Readings: Choice and Opportunity Theories of Crime
- Brantingham, Patricia L., and Paul J. Brantingham: Environmental Criminology
- Clarke, Ronald V.: Situational Crime Prevention
- Cohen, Lawrence E., and Marcus K. Felson: Routine Activity Theory
- Cook, Philip J.: Supply and Demand of Criminal Opportunities
- Cornish, Derek B., and Ronald V. Clarke: Rational Choice Theory
- Crime Hot Spots
- Decker, Scott H., and Richard T. Wright: Decisions of Street Offenders
- Eck, John E.: Places and the Crime Triangle
- Economic Theory and Crime
- Felson, Marcus K.: Crime and Everyday Life
- Felson, Marcus K.: Crime and Nature
- Hindelang, Michael J., Michael R. Gottfredson, and James Garofalo: Lifestyle Theory
- Jeffery, C. Ray: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
- Miethe, Terance D., and Robert F. Meier: An Integrated Theory of Victimization
- Miller, Jody: Gendered Criminal Opportunity
- Newman, Oscar: Defensible Space Theory
- Osgood, D. Wayne, Janet K. Wilson, Jerald G. Bachman, Patrick M. O'Malley, and Lloyd D. Johnston: Routine Activities and Individual Deviant Behavior
- Physical Environment and Crime
- Pogarsky, Greg: Behavioral Economics and Crime
- Sacco, Vincent F., and Leslie W. Kennedy: The Criminal Event Perspective
- Shover, Neal: Great Pretenders
- Stark, Rodney: Deviant Places
- Wikström, Per-Olof H.: Situational Action Theory
- Wilcox, Pamela, Kenneth C. Land, and Scott A. Hunt: Multicontextual Opportunity Theory
- Wortley, Richard: A Revised Situational Crime Prevention Theory
- Macro-Level/Community Theories of Crime
- Annotated Further Readings: Macro-Level/Community Theories of Crime
- Blau, Judith R., and Peter M. Blau: Inequality and Crime
- Bursik, Robert J., Jr., and Harold C. Grasmick: Levels of Control
- Inequality and Crime
- Krivo, Lauren J., and Ruth D. Peterson: Extreme Disadvantage and Crime
- Negotiated Coexistence
- Racial Threat and Social Control
- Sampson, Robert J., and William Julius Wilson: Contextualized Subculture
- Skogan, Wesley G.: Disorder and Decline
- Systemic Model of Social Disorganization
- Wilson, James Q., and George L. Kelling: Broken Windows Theory
- Wilson, William Julius: The Truly Disadvantaged
- Life-Course and Developmental Theories of Crime
- Annotated Further Readings: Life-Course and Developmental Theories of Crime
- Catalano, Richard F., and J. David Hawkins: Social Development Model
- Criminal Career Paradigm
- Farrington, David P.: The Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential Theory
- Giordano, Peggy C., and Stephen A. Cernkovich: Cognitive Transformation and Desistance
- Le Blanc, Marc: An Integrated Personal Control Theory of Deviant Behavior
- Life-Course Interdependence
- Loeber, Rolf, and Magda Stouthamer-Loeber: Pathways to Crime
- Maruna, Shadd: Redemption Scripts and Desistance
- Moffitt, Terrie E.: A Developmental Model of Life-Course-Persistent Offending
- Philadelphia Birth Cohorts, The
- Sampson, Robert J., and John H. Laub: Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social Control
- ntegrated Theories of Crime
- Agnew, Robert: Integrated Theory
- Annotated Further Readings: Integrated Theories of Crime
- Bernard, Thomas J., and Jeffrey B. Snipes: Variable-Centered Approach
- Chamlin, Mitchell B., and John K. Cochran: Social Altruism and Crime
- Colvin, Mark, Francis T. Cullen, and Thomas Vander Ven: Coercion, Social Support, and Crime
- Cullen, Francis T.: Social Support and Crime
- Drennon-Gala, Don: Social Support and Delinquency
- Elliott, Delbert S., Suzanne S. Ageton, and Rachelle J. Canter: Integrated Perspective on Delinquency
- England, Ralph W.: A Theory of Middle-Class Delinquency
- Felson, Richard B., and James T. Tedeschi: Social Interactionist Theory of Violence
- Hagan, John, and Bill McCarthy: Social Capital and Crime
- Krohn, Marvin D.: Networks and Crime
- Lafree, Gary D.: Legitimacy and Crime
- Thornberry, Terence P.: Interactional Theory
- Tittle, Charles R.: Control Balance Theory
- Theories of White-Collar and Corporate Crime
- Annotated Further Readings: Theories of White-Collar and Corporate Crime
- Anomie and White-Collar Crime
- Benson, Michael L.: The Collateral Consequences of White-Collar Offending
- Capitalism and White-Collar Crime
- Clinard, Marshall B.: The Black Market
- Cressey, Donald R.: Embezzlement and White-Collar Crime
- Croall, Hazel: Individual Differences and White-Collar Crime
- Geis, Gilbert: Perspectives on White-Collar Crime Scandals
- Green, Stuart P.: Moral Theory of White-Collar Crime
- Individual Differences and White-Collar Crime
- Integrated Theories of White-Collar Crime
- Michalowski, Raymond J., and Ronald C. Kramer: State-Corporate Crime
- Pontell, Henry N., and Kitty Calavita: Explaining the Savings and Loan Scandal
- Rational Choice and White-Collar Crime
- Ross, E. A.: Sin and Society
- Sutherland, Edwin H.: White-Collar Crime
- Vaughan, Diane: The Normalization of Deviance
- Contemporary Gang Theories
- Annotated Further Readings: Contemporary Gang Theories
- Bourgois, Philippe: In Search of Respect
- Gangs and the Underclass
- Horowitz, Ruth, and Gary Schwartz: Honor and Gang Delinquency
- Jankowski, Martin Sanchez: Islands in the Street
- Klein, Malcolm W., and Cheryl L. Maxson: Street Gang Structure and Organization
- Maxson, Cheryl L.: Gang Migration Theorizing
- Short, James F., Jr.: Gangs and Group Processes
- Vigil, James Diego: Multiple Marginality Theory
- Theories of Prison Behavior and Insurgency
- Annotated Further Readings: Theories of Prison Behavior and Insurgency
- Colvin, Mark: Social Sources of the New Mexico Prison Riot
- DiIulio, John J., Jr.: Prison Management and Prison Order
- Giallombardo, Rose: Women in Prison
- Goffman, Erving: Asylums
- Irwin, John, and Donald R. Cressey: Importation Theory
- Kruttschnitt, Candace, and Rosemary Gartner: Women and Imprisonment
- McCorkel, Jill: Gender and Embodied Surveillance
- Prison Insurgency Theory
- Sykes, Gresham M.: Deprivation Theory
- Toch, Hans: Coping in Prison
- Theories of Fear and Concern About Crime
- Altruistic Fear
- Annotated Further Readings: Theories of Fear and Concern About Crime
- Chiricos, Ted: Racial Threat and Fear
- Collective Security/Fear and Loathing
- Ferraro, Kenneth F.: Risk Interpretation Model
- Fisher, Bonnie S., and Jack L. Nasar: Fear Spots
- Lewis, Dan A., and Greta W. Salem: Incivilities and Fear
- Perceptually Contemporaneous Offenses
- Skogan, Wesley G., and Michael G. Maxfield: Coping With Crime
- Stanko, Elizabeth A.: Gender, Fear, and Risk
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