SAGE Reference - Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment

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Torture

In: Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment
Edited by: David Levinson
Subject:General Criminology & Criminal Justice, Corrections/Penology (general)
Keywords:torture

Torture has been used as a tool of the state throughout recorded history. Although it is almost universally condemned today, it is still an issue of grave international concern. Most governments do not attempt to defend the use of torture but ...

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  Levinson, D. (2002). Torture. In Encyclopedia of crime and punishment (Vol. 1, pp. 1626-1628). SAGE Publications, Inc., https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412950664.n431
  
  Levinson, David. "Torture." In Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment, edited by Levinson, David, 1626-28. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2002. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412950664.n431.
  
  Levinson, D. 2002. Torture. In: David Levinson Editor, 2002. Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 1626-1628 Available at: <https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412950664.n431> [Accessed 18 Aug 2022].
  
  Levinson, David. "Torture." Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment. Edited by Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2002, pp. 1626-28. SAGE Knowledge. 18 Aug 2022, doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412950664.n431.
  
  Levinson, David (2002). Torture In:Torture Encyclopedia of crime and punishment Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.; 2002:1626-1628. doi:10.4135/9781412950664.n431
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