SAGE Reference - Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment

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Smuggling

In: Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment
Edited by: David Levinson
Subject:General Criminology & Criminal Justice, Corrections/Penology (general)
Keywords:smuggling

All cross-border economic exchange that is unauthorized by the receiving and/or the sending country can be defined as “smuggling.” Smuggling is probably as old as the first regulations on trade. The word smuggler apparently emerged during the English Civil Wars (1642–1649). ...

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  Levinson, D. (2002). Smuggling. In Encyclopedia of crime and punishment (Vol. 1, pp. 1520-1522). SAGE Publications, Inc., https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412950664.n399
  
  Levinson, David. "Smuggling." In Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment, edited by Levinson, David, 1520-22. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2002. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412950664.n399.
  
  Levinson, D. 2002. Smuggling. In: David Levinson Editor, 2002. Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 1520-1522 Available at: <https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412950664.n399> [Accessed 16 May 2022].
  
  Levinson, David. "Smuggling." Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment. Edited by Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2002, pp. 1520-22. SAGE Knowledge. 16 May 2022, doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412950664.n399.
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