SAGE Reference - Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns, Elections, and Electoral Behavior

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Negative Campaigning

By: Paul Wincfield Nesbitt-Larkinc
In: Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns, Elections, and Electoral Behavior
Edited by: Kenneth F. Warren
Subject:Elections & Political Campaigns, Electoral Systems, Political Behavior (general)
Keywords:campaigns; Kathleen Hall Jamieson; negative campaigning; negativity; political advertising; push polls; tabloid television

NEGATIVE CAMPAIGNING IS the employment of strategies and tactics throughout an election cycle that inhibit the open and fair presentation of competing policy options and the conduct of reasonable debate. Tactics of campaign negativity are limited only by the ingenuity of ...

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  Nesbitt-Larkinc, P. (2008). Negative campaigning. In K. F. Warren (Ed.), Encyclopedia of U.S. campaigns, elections, and electoral behavior (pp. 436-439). SAGE Publications, Inc., https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412963886.n226
  
  Nesbitt-Larkinc, Paul Wincfield. "Negative Campaigning." In Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns, Elections, and Electoral Behavior, edited by Warren, Kenneth F., 436-39. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2008. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412963886.n226.
  
  Nesbitt-Larkinc, P. 2008. Negative Campaigning. In: Kenneth F. Warren Editor, 2008. Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns, Elections, and Electoral Behavior, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 436-439 Available at: <https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412963886.n226> [Accessed 9 Aug 2022].
  
  Nesbitt-Larkinc, Paul Wincfield. "Negative Campaigning." Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns, Elections, and Electoral Behavior. Edited by Kenneth F. Warren. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2008, pp. 436-39. SAGE Knowledge. 9 Aug 2022, doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412963886.n226.
  
  Nesbitt-Larkinc, Paul Wincfield (2008). Negative campaigning In: Warren, Kenneth F. (Ed.),Negative campaigning Encyclopedia of U.S. campaigns, elections, and electoral behavior Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.; 2008:436-439. doi:10.4135/9781412963886.n226
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