- Entry
- Reader's guide
- Entries A-Z
- Subject index
Universalism/Particularism
Universalism and particularism together comprise one of seven “cultural dimensions” identified by the Dutch cross-cultural researcher, Fons Trompenaars, in his book Riding the Waves of ...
- Competitive Forces
- Corporate Profiles
- A. P. M⊘ller Mærsk Group
- ABN AMRO Holding
- Aegon
- AEON
- Allianz SE
- Altria Group
- American International Group
- AmerisourceBergen
- Archer Daniels Midland
- Assicurazioni Generali
- AT&T
- Aviva
- AXA
- Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria
- Banco Santander Central Hispano Group
- Bank of America Corp.
- Bank of China
- Baoshan Iron and Steel
- Barclays
- BASF
- Bayer
- Berkshire Hathaway
- Best Buy
- Bloomberg
- BMW
- BNP Paribas
- Boeing
- Bouygues
- BP
- BT
- Canon
- Cardinal Health
- Caremark Rx
- Carrefour
- Caterpillar
- CEMEX
- Chevron
- China Life Insurance
- China Mobile Communications
- China National Petroleum
- Citigroup
- CNP Assurances
- Company Profiles: Africa
- Company Profiles: Australia and Pacific
- Company Profiles: Central America and the Caribbean
- Company Profiles: East Asia
- Company Profiles: Eastern Europe
- Company Profiles: Middle East
- Company Profiles: North America
- Company Profiles: South America
- Company Profiles: South Asia
- Company Profiles: Western Europe
- Conoco Phillips
- Corporate Change
- Corporate Codes
- Costco Wholesale
- Credit Suisse
- CVS/Caremark
- Dai-ichi Mutual Life Insurance
- DaimlerChrysler
- Dell
- Deutsche Bahn
- Deutsche Bank
- Deutsche Post
- Deutsche Telekom
- Dow Chemical
- DZ Bank
- E.ON
- EADS
- Electricite de France
- Enel
- Eni
- ExxonMobil
- Fiat
- Ford Motor
- Fortis
- France Télécom
- Freddie Mac
- Fujitsu
- Gaz de France
- Gazprom
- General Electric
- General Motors
- GlaxoSmithKline
- HBOS
- Hewlett-Packard
- Hitachi
- Home Depot, The
- Honda Motor
- HSBC Holdings
- Hudson's Bay Company
- Hyundai Motor
- Indian Oil
- Industrial & Commercial Bank of China
- ING Group
- International Business Machines
- Johnson & Johnson
- JPMorgan Chase & Co.
- Koç Holding
- Legal & General Group
- Lenovo
- LG
- Lockheed Martin
- Lowe's
- LUKOIL
- Marathon Oil
- Matsushita Electric Industrial
- Merrill Lynch
- MetLife
- METRO
- Microsoft
- Millea Holdings
- Mitsubishi
- Mitsubishi Electric
- Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group
- Mitsui
- Mittal Steel
- Mizuho Financial Group
- Morgan Stanley
- Motorola
- Munich Re Group
- NEC
- Nestlé
- Nippon Life Insurance
- Nippon Oil
- Nippon Steel
- Nippon Telegraph & Telephone
- Nissan Motor
- Nokia
- Novartis
- Old Mutual
- Pemex
- PepsiCo
- Petrobras
- Petronas
- Peugeot
- Pfizer
- Private Spaceflight Industry
- Procter & Gamble
- Prudential
- Prudential Financial
- Renault
- Repsol YPF
- Reuters
- Roche Group
- Royal Dutch Shell
- RWE
- Safeway
- Samsung Electronics
- Sanofi Aventis
- Sears Holdings
- Siemens
- Sinopec
- SK
- Sony
- Sprint Nextel
- State Farm Insurance Cos.
- State Grid
- Statoil
- Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group
- Sunoco
- Sysco
- Target
- Tata Group
- Telecom Italia
- Telefonica
- ThyssenKrupp
- Time Warner
- Tokyo Electric Power
- Toshiba
- Total
- Toyota Motor Corporation
- Tyco International
- U.S. Postal Service
- UBS
- UniCredit Group
- Unilever
- United Parcel Service
- United Technologies
- Verizon Communications
- Vodafone
- Volkswagen
- Volvo
- Wachovia Corp.
- Walgreens
- Wal-Mart Stores
- Walt Disney
- Wells Fargo
- Zurich Financial Services
- Countries
- Africa
- Algeria
- Angola
- Argentina
- Asia
- Asian Tigers
- Australia
- Austria
- Bahrain
- Bangladesh
- Belarus
- Belgium
- Bolivia
- Botswana
- Brazil
- BRICs
- Bulgaria
- Còte d'Ivoire
- Cameroon
- Canada
- Central America
- Chile
- China
- Colombia
- Costa Rica
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Dominican Republic
- Eastern Europe
- Ecuador
- Egypt
- El Salvador
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Ghana
- Greece
- Guatemala
- Hong Kong
- Hungary
- Iceland
- India
- Indonesia
- Industrialized Countries
- Iran
- Ireland
- Israel
- Italy
- Japan
- Jordan
- Kazakhstan
- Kenya
- Korea, South
- Kuwait
- Latin America
- Latvia
- Lebanon
- Less Industrialized Countries
- Libya
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Malaysia
- Mexico
- Middle East
- Morocco
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Newly Industrialized Countries
- Nigeria
- Norway
- Oman
- Pacific Rim
- Pakistan
- Panama
- Peru
- Philippines
- Poland
- Portugal
- Qatar
- Romania
- Russia
- Saudi Arabia
- Singapore
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- South Africa
- Spain
- Sri Lanka
- Sudan
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Syria
- Tanzania
- Thailand
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Tunisia
- Turkey
- Ukraine
- United Arab Emirates
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Uruguay
- Uzbekistan
- Venezuela
- Vietnam
- Western Europe
- Yemen
- Zimbabwe
- Cultural Environments
- Acculturation
- Achieved Status/Ascribed Status
- Attitudes and Attitude Change
- Bureaucracy
- Communication Challenges
- Communication Styles
- Conformance/Conformity
- Confucian Work Dynamism
- Context
- Cross-Cultural Research
- Cultural Norms and Scripts
- Culture-Specific Values
- Emotion
- Enculturation
- Entrepreneurship
- Ethnocentrism
- Feng Shui
- Gannon's Cultural Metaphors
- Gift-Giving
- Global Digital Divide
- Guanxi
- Hofstede's Five Dimensions of Culture
- Individualism/Collectivism
- Internal/External
- Local Adaptation
- Masculinity/Femininity
- Monochronic/Polychronic
- Multicultural Work Groups and Teams
- Negotiation and Negotiating Styles
- Neutral/Affective
- Persuasion
- Power Distance
- Schwartz Value Theory
- Silent Language of Hall (Nonverbal Communication)
- Space
- Specific/Diffuse
- Stereotyping
- Time Orientation
- Uncertainty Avoidance
- Universalism/Particularism
- Women in Business
- Work/Personal Life Balance
- Economics of International Business
- Acquisitions, Takeovers, and Mergers
- Asian Financial Crisis
- Balance of Goods and Services
- Bankruptcy
- Big Mac Index
- Brain Drain
- Business Cycles
- Capital Account Balance
- Capital Repatriation
- Capitalism
- Centralized Control
- Chaebol
- Communism
- Confidentiality
- Contagion
- Cooperatives
- Cross-Licensing
- Current Account
- Debt
- Development Assistance
- Diversity
- Economic Development
- Economic Indicators
- Economic Statistics
- Economies of Scale
- Economies of Scope
- Emerging Economies
- Entry Mode
- Exchange Rate Volatility
- External Debt
- Factor Endowments
- Franchising
- Free Markets
- Geocentric
- Gini Index
- Green Revolution
- Gross National Product
- Industry Information
- Information Systems
- Interest Rates
- International Capital Flows
- Joint Venture
- Keiretsu
- Licensing
- Localization
- Macroeconomics
- Micro-Multinational
- Multinational Corporation
- National Accounts
- Net Capital Outflow
- Neuroeconomics
- Open Economy Macroeconomics
- Pegged Exchange Rate
- Polycentric
- Privatization
- Purchasing Power Parity
- Research and Development
- Royalties
- Self-Employed Women's Association, India
- Socialism
- Socioeconomic Status
- Stock Exchanges
- Strategic Alliance
- Teams
- Technology
- Tequila Effect
- Terms of Trade
- Trade Balance
- Underdevelopment
- Zaibatsu
- Economic Theories of International Business
- Absolute Advantage
- Chicago School/Chicago Boys
- Comparative Advantage
- Core
- Cross-Hauling
- Demonstration Effect
- Dependency Theory
- Export-Oriented Development
- Follow-the-Leader Theory
- Heckscher-Ohlin Model
- Import Substitution
- Infant Industry Argument
- Internationalization Model
- Leontief Paradox
- Linder Hypothesis
- Market Imperfections Theory
- Modernization Theory
- Monopolistic Advantage Theory
- Mundell-Fleming Model
- Neocolonialism
- New Trade Theory
- Periphery
- Product Life Cycle Hypothesis
- Ethics, Corruption, and Social Responsibility
- Black Market
- Bribery
- Copyright Infringement
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- Corporate Social Responsibility and International Business Ethics
- Corruption
- Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
- Industrial Espionage
- Intellectual Property Theft
- Money Laundering
- Opportunistic Behavior
- Plagiarism
- Reverse Engineering
- Sustainable Development
- Trademark Infringement
- Export/Import Strategies
- Foreign Direct Investment
- British East India Company
- Concession
- Diversifying Investment
- Dutch East India Company
- Foreign Direct Investment, Horizontal and Vertical
- Foreign Portfolio Investment
- Hanseatic League
- Home Country
- Host Country
- Hudson's Bay Company
- Indirect Foreign Direct Investment
- Internationalization
- Late Mover
- Locational Advantages
- Market-Seeking Investment
- Multinational Competitive Disadvantages
- Multinational Corporation
- Resource-Seeking Investment
- Royal Africa Company
- Tax Holiday
- Virginia Company
- Globalization and Society
- Human Resource Management
- Absenteeism
- Benefits
- Bent Measuring Stick (or Performance Appraisal)
- Coaching
- Compensation
- Cost of Living Allowance
- Culture Shock
- Education Allowance
- Employer-Employee Relations
- Empowerment
- Ethnocentric Human Resource Policy
- Expatriate
- External Labor Market
- Family Leave
- Geocentric Human Resource Policy
- Health Care Benefits/Systems
- Holidays
- Housing Allowance
- Internal Labor Market
- International Compensation
- International Training
- Job Enrichment
- Local/National
- Maternity Leave
- Mentoring
- Motivation
- Overtime
- Parent Country National
- Payroll Taxes
- Pension Systems
- Perquisites
- Polycentric Human Resource Policy
- Productivity
- Profit-Sharing
- Recruitment
- Redundancy
- Reentry
- Regiocentric Human Resource Policy
- Selection
- Third Country National
- Training
- Visa
- Working Hours
- International Accounting
- Accounting Harmonization
- Accounting Information Systems
- Accounting Software
- American Depository Receipt
- Auditing Standards
- Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
- Capital Adequacy
- Capital Gains Tax
- Compliance
- Corporate Accounting
- Corporate Governance
- Corporate Income Tax
- Cost Accounting
- Custodians
- Disclosure Requirements
- Earnings Management
- Earnings Quality
- Financial Reporting
- Financial Statement Analysis
- Fixed Costs
- Forensic Accounting
- Impact Financial Statements
- Information Technology Auditing
- International Accounting Standards Board
- International Financial Reporting Standards
- Investor Protection
- Nonfinancial Information Reporting
- Sarbanes-Oxley
- Taxes
- Transfer Pricing
- Value Added Tax (VAT)
- Variable Costs
- International Finance
- Account Settlement
- AEX General Index (Amsterdam)
- All Ordinaries Index
- ATX Index (Vienna)
- Basis Points
- Behavioral Economics
- Bel-20 Index (Brussels)
- Bid/Ask Spread
- Blocked Funds
- Bloomberg
- Bonds
- BSE Sensex Index (Bombay Stock Exchange)
- Buyout
- CAC 40 Index (Paris)
- Capital Budgeting
- Capital Flight
- Cash Management
- Chicago Mercantile Exchange
- City, The
- Clearing House Automated Payment System
- Clearing House Interbank Payment System
- Clearing Houses
- CMA Index (Egypt)
- Collateral
- Collateralized Debt Obligations
- Collateralized Loan Obligations
- Commercialization of Space
- Credit Ratings
- Cross-Border Trading
- Currency Exposure
- Currency Speculators
- DAX Index (Germany)
- Debt (Securities)
- Debt Rescheduling
- Debt-for-Equity Swaps
- Deregulation
- Discount Rate
- Dow Jones Index
- Equities
- Exchange Rate Risk (or Currency Exposure)
- Financial Hedge
- Financial Market Regulation
- Financial Markets
- Fixed Exchange Rate
- Floating Exchange Rate
- Foreign Exchange Market
- Forward Market
- FT Index
- FTSE
- Futures Markets
- Gnomes of Zurich
- Government Bonds
- Hang Seng Index
- Hedging
- Hostile Takeovers
- Initial Public Offering
- Interbank Market
- Interest Rate Swaps
- International Securities Identification Numbering
- Investment Banks
- IPC
- ISE National 100 Index
- Jakarta Composite Index
- KLSE (Malaysian Stock Index)
- LIBOR
- Liquidity (or Market Liquidity)
- Lombard Rate
- Madrid General Index
- Market Maker
- Mark-to-Market Valuation
- MerVal
- MIBTel Index (Milan)
- Microfinance
- Microfinance Institution
- Money Supply
- Mortgage Credit Crisis of 2008
- Nikkei Index
- NZSE 50 (New Zealand Stock Index)
- Option
- OSE All Share Index (Oslo)
- Prospectus
- Public Finance Reform
- Real Hedge
- Retail Capital Markets
- Reuters
- S&P 500 Index
- Samurai Bond
- Securities Financing
- Securitization
- Seoul Composite Index
- Settlement Date
- Shanghai Composite Index
- Shareholder Activism
- Sovereign Borrowing
- Spot Market
- Spread
- Stock Exchanges
- Stockholm General Index
- Straits Times Index (Singapore)
- Structured Notes
- Subprime Loans
- Swap
- Swiss Market Index
- TA-100 Index (Tel Aviv)
- Taiwan Weighted Index
- Too Big to Fail
- Trading Volume
- Value at Risk
- Venture Capital
- Wall Street
- Wholesale Capital Markets
- International Monetary System
- Bank for International Settlements
- Bretton Woods Accord
- Bretton Woods Institutions
- Capital Controls
- Central Banks
- Convertibility
- Cross Rate
- Currency
- Currency Zone
- Devaluation
- Dirty Float
- Dollar Hegemony
- Dollarization
- Euro
- Exchange Rate
- Fiat Money
- Flexible Exchange Rate Regime
- Foreign Exchange Market
- Foreign Exchange Reserves
- Gold Standard
- International Monetary System
- Managed Float Regime
- Market-Basket Currency
- Marshall-Lerner Condition
- Monetary Intervention
- Monetary Policy: Rules versus Discretion
- Reserve Currency
- Revaluation
- International Trade
- Ad Valorem Duties
- Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
- Arbitrage
- ATA Carnet
- Banana Wars
- Barriers to Entry
- Barter
- Bill of Lading
- Black Market
- Business-to-Business
- CoCom
- Cost, Insurance, and Freight
- Countervailing Duties
- Country of Origin
- Country of Origin Requirements
- Customs Broker
- Doha Round
- Dumping
- Duty
- Effective Rate of Protection
- Electronic Commerce
- Electronic Data Interchange
- Embargoes
- Export
- Export Processing Zone
- Export Subsidy
- Fair Trade
- Flag of Convenience
- Foreign Sales Corporation
- Free Trade
- Free Trade Zone
- Freight Forwarder
- Generalized System of Preferences
- Globalization Index
- Gray Market
- Harmonized System
- Import
- International Commercial Terms (Incoterms)
- Internet Domain Names
- Invisible Trade Balance
- Letter of Credit
- Maquiladora
- Mercantilism
- Most Favored Nation Status
- Multi-Fiber Agreement
- Neomercantilism
- Nontariff Barrier
- Quota
- Smuggling
- Special Drawing Rights
- Standard International Trade Classification
- Subsidies
- Tariff
- Terms of Trade
- Trade Barriers
- Trade Liberalization
- Trade Pact
- Trade Sanctions
- Trade War
- Uruguay Round
- Voluntary Export Restraints
- World Customs Organization
- Legal and Labor Issues
- Management and Leadership
- Accountability
- Blame Culture
- Board of Directors
- Commitment
- Decision Making
- Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness Project
- Leadership
- Loyalty
- Management
- Management Development
- Management Education
- Management Information Systems
- Management Research
- Management Science
- Managerial Accounting
- Nepotism
- Persuasion
- Risk
- Status
- Vision
- Manufacturing and Operations
- Bonded Warehouse
- Bottleneck
- Branch
- Carrying Costs
- Centralization
- Commerce Control List
- Concurrent Engineering
- Control Systems
- Co-Production
- Cost Structure
- Craft Production
- Customization
- Deming Model
- Distribution
- Downstream
- Facilities Location Decision
- Flexibility
- Forecasting
- Global Benchmarking
- Global Product Divisions
- Global Structure
- International Division Structure
- Intra-Firm Transfer
- Inventory
- Kaizen
- Kanban
- Landed Cost
- Low Wage Production
- Make-or-Buy Decision
- Manufacturing
- Manufacturing Strategy
- Manufacturing Yield
- Matrix Structure
- Multidomestic Structure
- Near-Shoring
- Off-Shoring
- Operations Management
- Optimization
- Outsourcing
- Procurement
- Product Component Model
- Product Development
- Quality Control
- Regional Divisions
- Research and Development
- Research Methods: Mixed Methods
- Research Methods: Qualitative
- Research Methods: Quantitative
- Risk Management
- Robotics
- Scheduling
- Service Level
- Staffing Levels
- Standardization
- Subsidiary
- Supply Chain Management
- Supply Chain Risks
- Technology Transfer
- Transport Delays
- Transportation
- Turnkey
- Upstream
- Value Chain
- Vertically Integrated Chain
- Virtual Vertical Integration
- Warranties
- Marketing
- Advanced Pricing Agreement
- Advertising
- Back Translation
- Brand Loyalty
- Branding
- Buying Motives/Behavior
- Channels
- Competitive Market Analysis
- Consumer Behavior
- Consumer Needs and Wants
- Consumer Surveys
- Consumption
- Customer Relationship Management
- Emerging Markets
- Focus Groups
- Global Brand Strategy
- Integrated Marketing Communications
- International Marketing Research
- Lifestyle Research
- Market Audit
- Market Development
- Market Research
- Market Share
- Marketing
- Marketing Research
- Markets
- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
- Media
- Media and Direct Marketing
- Positioning
- Pricing
- Promotions
- Relationship Marketing
- Retail Sector
- Sales
- Seasonality
- Simulation Modeling
- SIOP
- Wholesale Sector
- Political Environments
- Regional Economic Integration
- Bilateral Free Trade Agreements
- Candidate Countries
- Caribbean Community (Caricom)
- Central American Common Market
- Common Agricultural Policy
- Common External Tariff
- Common Market
- Cotonou Agreement
- Customs Union
- Economic Integration
- Economic Union
- European Coal and Steel Community
- European Monetary Union
- European Union
- Free Trade Area of the Americas
- Free Trade Zone
- Maastricht Treaty
- Mercosur/Mercosul
- Monetary Union
- North American Free Trade Agreement
- Regional Integration
- Regional Trade Agreements
- Single Market
- Trade Bloc
- Trans-European Networks
- Treaty of Rome
- Supranational and National Organizations
- Academy of International Business
- African Development Bank
- Asian Development Bank
- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
- Association of Southeast Asian Nations
- Biodiversity Convention
- Department of Commerce
- European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
- Ex-Im Bank
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
- Inter-American Development Bank
- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
- International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
- International Chamber of Commerce
- International Development Agency
- International Finance Corporation
- International Labour Office/International Labour Organization
- International Monetary Fund
- Kyoto Protocol
- Millennium Development Goals
- Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
- National Regulatory Agencies?
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- Regional Development Banks
- Securities and Exchange Commission
- Special Drawing Rights
- U.S. Agency for International Development
- United Nations Centre for Transnational Corporations
- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
- United Nations Industrial Development Organization
- World Bank, The
- World Health Organization
- World Trade Organization
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