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African Americans and Entrepreneurship
Prior to Emancipation, slave and free African Americans (AAs) started and ran successful businesses. Events of the last century, such as the Great Migration north and the modernization of the American industry, created traditionally lower AA participation in entrepreneurship, and much of the history of successful AA entrepreneurs has been lost. Only now is AA participation in entrepreneurship returning to previously high levels.
In this entry we review current literature on AA entrepreneurship and attempt to answer questions like “What is the history of AA entrepreneurship?” “What are the barriers?” “What interventions were attempted?” “What are the individual and collective AA success stories?” and “What is the future of AA entrepreneurship?”
Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurs, and Black-Owned Businesses
Before discussing AA entrepreneurship, it is important to get a clear idea ...
- Championing Corporate Ventures
- Accounting
- Business Failure
- Goal Setting
- Advertising
- Creativity and Opportunities
- Entrepreneurs in Consumer Products
- Bankruptcy
- Entrepreneurs in Franchising
- African Americans and Entrepreneurship
- Geography of Innovation
- Culture and Entrepreneurship
- Branding
- Adaptation
- Measures of Performance
- Incubators
- Agency Theory
- Change Management: Corporate
- Agility and Rapid Response
- Change
- Human Resource Strategy
- Business-to-Business Marketing
- Entrepreneurship Education: Graduate Programs
- Entrepreneurs in Energy
- Barriers to Entry
- Franchisee and Franchisor
- Gender and Acquiring Resources
- Innovation Advantage
- Globalization
- Contracts and Trust
- Boards of Directors
- Microfinance
- Management Information Systems
- Cognition Theory
- Corporate Entrepreneurship and Innovation
- Business Plans
- Cognition in Experts and Novices
- Labor Costs
- Competition
- Entrepreneurship Education: High School
- Entrepreneurs in Entertainment
- Barter
- Franchises: Legal Aspects
- Gender and Industry Preferences
- Innovation Diffusion
- Import/Export Businesses
- Incorporation
- Distribution
- Network Ties
- Technology Transfer
- Cognitive Schemas and Scripts
- Corporate Venturing
- Championing New Ventures
- Communication Styles
- Labor-Management Relations in Start-Ups
- Contextual Marketing
- Entrepreneurship Education: Undergraduate Programs
- Entrepreneurs in Finance and Banking
- Business Angels
- Franchises: Starting
- Gender and Performance
- Innovation in Low-Tech Industries
- International Enterprise Planning
- Partnerships
- Family Business
- Social Capital
- University Start-Ups
- Human Capital Theory
- Crisis Management: Corporate
- Cognition
- Discovery and Exploitation
- Leadership
- Customer Orientation
- Entrepreneurship Pedagogy
- Entrepreneurs in Food
- Business Models
- Territorial Strategy and Regions
- Hispanics and Entrepreneurship
- Innovation Management
- International Markets
- Patent Protection
- Family Business: Defining
- Social Entrepreneurship
- Knowledge-Based View
- New Product Development
- Commitment and Persistence
- Emotions
- Leadership: Training and Development
- E-Commerce
- Ethics
- Entrepreneurs in History
- Capitalism
- Minorities in New Business Ventures
- Innovation Management: Corporate
- International New Ventures
- Taxes
- Family Business: Research
- Social Intelligence
- Learning Theory
- Competitive Intelligence
- Intentions
- Leadership: Transformational
- Entrepreneurial Marketing
- Master of Business Administration
- Entrepreneurs in Media
- Cash Flow
- Motivation and Gender
- Innovation Measurement
- Measures of Entrepreneurial Activity across Countries
- Trademarks
- Family Business: Stewardship
- Social Networks
- Performance and Legitimacy
- Creativity
- Locus of Control
- Managing Human and Social Capital
- Focus Groups
- Opportunity Development
- Entrepreneurs in Real Estate
- Community/Government Buy-Ins
- Women's Entrepreneurship: Best Practices
- Innovation Processes
- Political Economy and Entrepreneurship
- Family Business: Theory
- Sustainable Development
- Psychological Views
- Credentials
- Overconfidence
- Team Composition
- Licensing
- Opportunity Identification and Structural Alignment
- Entrepreneurs in Technology
- Credit
- Product Innovation
- Home-Based Businesses
- Resource-Based View
- Entrepreneurial Orientation
- Planning Fallacy
- Women's Entrepreneurship
- Market Evaluation
- Opportunity Recognition
- Entrepreneurs in Transportation
- Debt
- Radical and Incremental Innovation
- Human Resources
- Knowledge
- Tolerance for Failure
- Work-Life Balance
- Market Orientation
- Opportunity Sources
- Debt-Based Financing
- Service Innovation
- Infrastructure
- Learning
- Positioning a New Product or Service
- Search-Based Discovery
- Entrepreneurial Support Systems
- Insurance
- Negotiating Strategies
- Retailing
- Start-Up Teams
- Entrepreneurial Training
- Location Strategy
- Networks
- Target Markets
- Systematic Search
- Equity- and Debt-Based Financing
- Quality
- Obstacle Identification
- Test Markets
- Exit Strategies
- Sales
- Passion
- Wholesale Markets
- Feasibility Studies
- Stakeholders
- Risk Management
- Geographic Location
- Succession Planning
- Selling Products and Services
- Growth
- Time Management
- Information
- Initial Public Offering
- Job Creation
- Public Policy: Government Stimulation of Start-Ups
- Research and Development
- Revenue: Current versus Deferred
- Selling Successful Businesses
- Strategy
- Venture Capital
- Venture Management Firms
- Venture Valuation
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