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Black Panther Party
In response to the civil rights movement's failure to address the challenges of postindustrial capitalism, urban blight, and social dislocations, the Black Panther Party (BPP) articulated a construction of black masculinity based on violent self-defense and the promotion of self-determination. For the BPP, living as black men meant meeting violence with violence, resisting threats from the (white) police, and providing for a black community that was starving physically, emotionally, politically, and spiritually.
Huey Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California, in 1966. Originally intended to protect the black community from police brutality, the organization evolved into a revolutionary nationalist group that responded to African Americans' educational, social, and economic needs. Its agenda—“land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice, peace and people's ...
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