Encyclopedia of Career Development
Encyclopedias
Publication Year: 2006
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412952675
Subject: Career Development, Occupational/Industrial Psychology
- Reader's Guide
- Entries A-Z
- Subject Index
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- H
- I
- J
- K
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Editorial Board
GENERAL EDITORS
Jeffrey H. Greenhaus, Ph.D.
Drexel University
Gerard A. Callanan, Ph.D.
West Chester University
EDITORIAL BOARD
Nancy E. Betz
Ohio State University
Douglas T. (Tim) Hall
Boston University
Kerr Inkson
University of Otago, New Zealand
Phyllis Moen
University of Minnesota
Mark Savickas
Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine
Rosalie L. Tung
Simon Fraser University
Copyright
Copyright © 2006 by SAGE Publications, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
For information:
SAGE Publications, Inc.
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Thousand Oaks, California 91320
E-mail: order@sagepub.com
SAGE Publications Ltd.
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London EC1Y 1SP
United Kingdom
SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd.
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Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of career development/Editors Jeffrey H. Greenhaus and Gerard A. Callanan.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-4129-0537-0 (cloth: 2 vols.)
1. Career development′Encyclopedias. 2. Vocational qualifications′Encyclopedias. 3. Vocational guidance′Encyclopedias. I. Greenhaus, Jeffrey H. II. Callanan, Gerard A.
HF5381.E517 2006
331.70203′dc22
2005036633
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
06 07 08 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Publisher: Rolf Janke
Acquiring Editor: Al Bruckner
Development Editors: Yvette Pollastrini
Paul Reis
Editorial Assistant: MaryAnn Vail
Project Editor: Beth A. Bernstein
Copy Editors: Barbara Coster
Carla Freeman
Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd.
Indexer: Molly Hall
Cover Designer: Janet Foulger
List of Entries
- Abilities
- Academic advising
- Affirmative action
- Age discrimination
- Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA)
- Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values
- American Counseling Association
- American Psychological Association
- Anticipatory socialization
- Antisocial work behaviors
- Apprenticeships
- Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB)
- Aspirations in career decisions
- Assessment centers
- Assimilation and mutual acceptance
- Bennett Mechanical Comprehension Test
- Biculturalism
- Big Five factors of personality
- Blue-collar workers
- Boundaryless career
- Bridge employment
- Burnout
- Business simulations
- Butcher Treatment Planning Inventory (BTPI)
- California Psychological Inventory
- Campbell Interest and Skill Survey
- Career
- Career anchors
- Career appraisal
- Career as a calling
- Career centers
- Career change
- Career coaching
- Career construction theory
- Career counseling
- Career counseling competencies
- Career decision-making styles
- Career Decision Scale (CDS)
- Career Development Inventory
- Career education
- Career exploration
- Career goal
- Career indecision
- Career interruptions
- Career intervention outcomes
- Career investments
- Career maturity
- Career mobility
- Career motivation
- Career-planning workshops
- Career plateau
- Career salience
- Career satisfaction
- Career strategy
- Career success
- Career Thoughts Inventory
- Career transition
- Careers and health
- Center for Creative Leadership
- Child care practices
- Churning of jobs
- Circumscription and compromise
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Civil Rights Act of 1991
- Cognitive Differentiation Grid
- Cognitive information processing in career counseling
- Collective bargaining
- College student career development
- Comparable worth
- Compensation
- Computer-based career support systems
- Contingent employment
- Continuing professional education
- Cooperative education
- Copreneurship
- Cross-training
- Crossover effect
- Crystallization of the vocational self-concept
- Culture and careers
- Customized careers
- Derailment
- Differential aptitude testing
- Disabilities among college students
- Disability
- Diversity in organizations
- Domestic-partner benefits
- Downsizing
- Early career stage
- Early retirement
- Elder care practices
- Electronic employment screening
- Emotional intelligence
- Emotional labor
- Employability
- Employee assistance programs
- Employee participation in organizational decision making
- Employment advertising
- Employment contracts
- Employment-at-will doctrine
- Empowerment
- Entrepreneurship
- Environment awareness
- Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
- Equal Pay Act
- Erikson's theory of development
- Ethics and careers
- Executive coaching
- Exit interview
- Expatriate experience
- Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)
- Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)
- Family background and careers
- Family-responsive workplace practices
- Fast-track career
- FIRO-B
- Flexible work arrangements
- Gender and careers
- General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB)
- Glass ceiling
- Globalization and careers
- Hall Occupational Orientation Inventory
- Handwriting analysis in hiring
- History of career studies
- Holland's theory of vocational choice
- Hostile working environment
- Human capital
- Human resource information systems (HRIS)
- Human resource planning
- Human resource support systems
- Identity
- Impression management
- Individual career management
- Industrial Revolution
- Inequality
- Informational interview
- Integrity testing
- Intelligence, schooling, and occupational success
- Interests
- Internal labor markets
- International careers
- Internet career assessment
- Internet recruitment
- Internships
- Job challenge
- Job design
- Job fairs
- Job interviews
- Job involvement
- Job loss
- Job-posting programs
- Job rotation
- Job satisfaction
- Job search
- Job security
- Job sharing
- Knowledge work
- Knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs)
- Kuder Career Assessments
- Late career stage
- Leadership development
- Learning organization
- Learning styles
- Leisure interests
- Life Style Inventory
- Life-Career Rainbow
- Lifelong learning
- Lifestyle preferences
- Lockstep career progression
- Locus of control
- Low-income workers and careers
- Machiavellianism
- Mentoring
- Merit-based pay
- Metaphors for careers
- Middle career stage
- Midlife crisis
- Minnesota Clerical Test
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)
- Minnesota Theory of Work Adjustment
- Morale
- Motivation and career development
- Multicultural organization
- Multinational organization
- Multiple intelligences
- Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
- National Career Development Association
- National Labor Relations Act (NLRA)
- Needs
- Nepotism
- Networking
- Obsolescence of knowledge and skills
- Occupational card sorts
- Occupational choice
- Occupational classification systems
- Occupational commitment
- Occupational Information Network (O*NET)
- Occupational Outlook Handbook
- Occupational prestige
- Occupational professionalization
- Occupational stereotypes
- On-the-job training
- Organizational career management
- Organizational citizenship behavior
- Organizational commitment
- Organizational entry
- Organizational image
- Organizational justice
- Organizational politics
- Organizational socialization
- Organizational staffing
- Orientation
- Outplacement
- Outsourcing and offshoring
- Part-time employment
- Pay compression
- Pay-for-performance reward systems
- Performance appraisal and feedback
- Person-environment fit (P-E fit)
- Personal Globe Inventory
- Personality and careers
- Personnel selection
- Phased retirement
- Positive organizational scholarship
- Proactivity
- Procedural justice
- Protean career
- Psychological contract
- Pygmalion effect
- Quality of work life (QWL)
- Racial discrimination
- Rater errors in performance appraisal
- Realistic recruitment
- Recruitment
- Redeployment
- References for employment
- Reinforcement theory
- Religious discrimination
- Résumé
- Retention programs
- Retirement
- Retraining
- Reverse discrimination
- Reverse mentoring
- Rokeach Values Survey
- Role models
- Sabbaticals
- School-to-work transition
- Self-awareness
- Self-concept
- Self-Directed Search (SDS)
- Self-efficacy
- Self-esteem
- Self-leadership
- Self-monitoring
- Sex discrimination
- Sexual harassment
- Sexual orientation and careers
- Single parents and careers
- Sixteen Personality Questionnaire (16PF)
- Social capital
- Social cognitive career theory
- Social constructionism
- Social learning theory of career development
- Socioeconomic status
- Specialty choice
- Spirituality and careers
- Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
- Stereotyping of workers
- Strategic human resource management (SHRM)
- Stress at work
- Strong Interest Inventory
- Succession planning
- Super's career development theory
- Sweatshop labor
- Team-based work
- Technology and careers
- Telecommuting
- Thematic apperception tests (TAT)
- Three-hundred-sixty-degree (360°) evaluation
- Tokenism
- Tolerance for ambiguity
- Toxic leadership
- Training and development
- Tuition reimbursement
- Turnover
- Two-career relationships
- Type A behavior pattern
- Unbiased hiring systems
- Underemployment
- Unemployment
- Values
- Virtual expatriates
- Vocational education
- Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI)
- Vocational psychology
- Wechsler Intelligence Scales
- Welfare-to-work programs
- Wellness and fitness programs
- White-collar work
- Wonderlic Personnel Test
- Work ethic
- Work values
- Work Values Inventory
- Work-family balance
- Work-family conflict
- Work-family enrichment
- Work/life litigation
- Workaholism
- Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1992 (WARN)
- Workforce 2020
- Workplace romance
- Wrongful dismissal
Reader's Guide
This guide is provided to help readers locate entries on related topics. It classifies entries into 10 themes: (1) theoretical perspectives on careers; (2) the social context of careers, including the contemporary workplace; cultural and international perspectives; ethnicity, gender, and diversity; organizational environment; social class and background; and work-life interface; (3) the evolution and development of careers; (4) decision making and career development; (5) variations in career patterns and career success; (6) career development initiatives; (7) legislative and regulatory mandates; (8) assessment areas and techniques; (9) job search and organizational recruiting; and (10) professional associations. Some entries appear in more than one category.
- Assessment Areas and Techniques
- Abilities
- Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values
- Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB)
- Assessment centers
- Bennett Mechanical Comprehension Test
- Big Five factors of personality
- Business simulations
- Butcher Treatment Planning Inventory (BPTI)
- California Psychological Inventory
- Campbell Interest and Skill Survey
- Career anchors
- Career decision-making styles
- Career Decision Scale (CDS)
- Career Development Inventory
- Career maturity
- Career Thoughts Inventory
- Cognitive Differentiation Grid
- Differential aptitude testing
- Emotional intelligence
- FIRO-B
- General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB)
- Hall Occupational Orientation Inventory
- Intelligence, schooling, and occupational success
- Interests
- Kuder Career Assessments
- Learning styles
- Leisure interests
- Life Style Inventory
- Life-Career Rainbow
- Lifestyle preferences
- Locus of control
- Machiavellianism
- Minnesota Clerical Test
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)
- Multiple intelligences
- Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
- Needs
- Occupational card sorts
- Occupational classification systems
- Personal Globe Inventory
- Personality and careers
- Proactivity
- Rokeach Values Survey
- Self-Directed Search (SDS)
- Sixteen Personality Questionnaire (16PF)
- Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
- Strong Interest Inventory
- Thematic apperception tests (TAT)
- Tolerance for ambiguity
- Type A behavior pattern
- Values
- Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI)
- Wechsler Intelligence Scales
- Wonderlic Personnel Test
- Work values
- Work Values Inventory
- Career Development Initiatives
- Academic advising
- Apprenticeships
- Assessment centers
- Career centers
- Career coaching
- Career counseling
- Career counseling competencies
- Career education
- Career intervention outcomes
- Career-planning workshops
- Child care practices
- Compensation
- Computer-based career support systems
- Continuing professional education
- Cooperative education
- Cross-training
- Elder care practices
- Employee assistance programs
- Employee participation in organizational decision making
- Empowerment
- Executive coaching
- Family-responsive workplace practices
- Flexible work arrangements
- Human resource information systems (HRIS)
- Human resource planning
- Human resource support systems
- Internships
- Job challenge
- Job design
- Job-posting programs
- Job rotation
- Job sharing
- Leadership development
- Mentoring
- Merit-based pay
- On-the-job training
- Organizational career management
- Orientation
- Outplacement
- Part-time employment
- Pay compression
- Pay-for-performance reward systems
- Performance appraisal and feedback
- Pygmalion effect
- Quality of work life (QWL)
- Redeployment
- Retention programs
- Retraining
- Reverse mentoring
- Sabbaticals
- Strategic human resource management
- Succession planning
- Telecommuting
- Three-hundred-sixty-degree (360°) evaluation
- Training and development
- Tuition reimbursement
- Vocational education
- Wellness and fitness programs
- Decision Making and Career Development
- Aspirations in career decisions
- Career appraisal
- Career decision-making styles
- Career exploration
- Career goal
- Career indecision
- Career investments
- Career strategy
- Environment awareness
- Human capital
- Impression management
- Individual career management
- Occupational choice
- Occupational prestige
- Occupational stereotypes
- Organizational entry
- Organizational image
- Self-awareness
- Self-efficacy
- Self-esteem
- Self-leadership
- Self-monitoring
- Social capital
- Specialty choice
- Turnover
- Job Search and Organizational Recruiting
- Electronic employment screening
- Employment advertising
- Exit interview
- Handwriting analysis in hiring
- Informational interview
- Integrity testing
- Internal labor markets
- Internet career assessment
- Internet recruitment
- Job fairs
- Job interviews
- Job search
- Knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs)
- Networking
- Occupational Information Network (O*NET)
- Occupational Outlook Handbook
- Organizational entry
- Organizational image
- Organizational staffing
- Personnel selection
- Realistic recruitment
- Recruitment
- References for employment
- Résumé
- Unbiased hiring systems
- Legislative and Regulatory Mandates
- Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA)
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Civil Rights Act of 1991
- Collective bargaining
- Domestic partner benefits
- Employment contracts
- Employment-at-will doctrine
- Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
- Equal Pay Act
- Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)
- Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)
- Hostile working environment
- National Labor Relations Act (NLRA)
- Sweatshop labor
- Work/life litigation
- Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1992 (WARN)
- Wrongful dismissal
- Professional Associations
- American Counseling Association
- American Psychological Association
- Center for Creative Leadership
- National Career Development Association
- The Cocial Context of Careers - Ethnicity, Gender, and Diversity
- Affirmative action
- Age discrimination
- Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA)
- Biculturalism
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Civil Rights Act of 1991
- Comparable worth
- Disability
- Disabilities among college students
- Diversity in organizations
- Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
- Equal Pay Act
- Gender and careers
- Glass ceiling
- Inequality
- Lockstep career progression
- Multicultural organization
- Racial discrimination
- Religious discrimination
- Reverse discrimination
- Sex discrimination
- Sexual harassment
- Sexual orientation and careers
- Stereotyping of workers
- Tokenism
- Unbiased hiring systems
- The Evolution and Development of Careers
- Anticipatory socialization
- Assimilation and mutual acceptance
- Bridge employment
- Career change
- Career indecision
- Career interruptions
- Career maturity
- Career plateau
- Career transition
- College student career development
- Continuing professional education
- Crystallization of vocational self-concept
- Derailment
- Early career stage
- Early retirement
- Fast-track career
- Identity
- Job loss
- Late career stage
- Leadership development
- Lifelong learning
- Lockstep career progression
- Mentoring
- Middle career stage
- Midlife crisis
- Obsolescence of knowledge and skills
- Organizational socialization
- Phased retirement
- Pygmalion effect
- Retirement
- Reverse mentoring
- Role models
- School-to-work transition
- Self-concept
- Underemployment
- Unemployment
- Welfare-to-work programs
- The Social Context of Careers - Cultural and International Perspectives
- Culture and careers
- Expatriate experience
- Globalization and careers
- International careers
- Multinational organization
- Virtual expatriates
- The Social Context of Careers - Social Class and Background
- Blue-collar workers
- Family background and careers
- Low-income workers and careers
- Single parents and careers
- Socioeconomic status
- White-collar work
- The Social Context of Careers - the Contemporary Workplace
- Antisocial work behaviors
- Boundaryless career
- Churning of jobs
- Contingent employment
- Customized careers
- Downsizing
- Employability
- Ethics and careers
- Job security
- Knowledge work
- Outsourcing and offshoring
- Protean career
- Psychological contract
- Spirituality and careers
- Team-based work
- Technology and careers
- Workforce 2020
- The Social context of Careers - the Organizational Environment
- Industrial Revolution
- Leadership Development
- Learning organization
- Nepotism
- Organizational justice
- Organizational politics
- Procedural justice
- Toxic leadership
- The Social Context of Careers - the Work-Life Interface
- Burnout
- Careers and health
- Child care practices
- Crossover effect
- Elder care practices
- Emotional labor
- Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)
- Family-responsive workplace practices
- Flexible work arrangements
- Job sharing
- Part-time employment
- Stress at work
- Telecommuting
- Two-career relationships
- Unemployment
- Wellness and fitness programs
- Work-family balance
- Work-family conflict
- Work-family enrichment
- Work/life litigation
- Workaholism
- Workplace romance
- Theoretical Perspectives on Careers
- Career
- Career construction theory
- Circumscription and compromise
- Cognitive information processing in career counseling
- Erikson's theory of development
- History of career studies
- Holland's theory of vocational choice
- Metaphors for careers
- Minnesota Theory of Work Adjustment
- Occupational choice
- Person-environment fit (P-E fit)
- Positive organizational scholarship
- Reinforcement theory
- Social cognitive career theory
- Social constructionism
- Social learning theory of career development
- Super's career development theory
- Vocational psychology
- Variations in Career Patterns and Career Success
- Boundaryless career
- Career anchors
- Career as a calling
- Career mobility
- Career motivation
- Career salience
- Career satisfaction
- Career success
- Copreneurship
- Entrepreneurship
- Job involvement
- Job satisfaction
- Lockstep career progression
- Morale
- Motivation and career development
- Needs
- Occupational commitment
- Occupational professionalism
- Organizational citizenship behavior
- Organizational commitment
- Protean career
- Work ethic
- Work values
- Workaholism
About the Editors
Jeffrey H. Greenhaus is Professor and William A. Mackie Chair in the Department of Management at Drexel University's LeBow College of Business. A Fellow of the American Psychological Society and the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP), he received his PhD in Industrial/Organizational Psychology from New York University. Jeff's research, which focuses on career dynamics and work-family linkages, has appeared in journals such as the Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management Review, Journal of Applied Psychology, Journal of Management, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Journal of Vocational Behavior, and Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. Former Associate Editor of the Journal of Vocational Behavior, Jeff is coeditor (with Saroj Parasuraman) of Integrating Work and Family: Challenges and Choices for a Changing World (1997); coauthor (with Stewart D. Friedman) of Work and Family—Allies or Enemies? What Happens When Business Professionals Confront Life Choices (2000); and coauthor (with Gerard A. Callanan and Veronica M. Godshalk) of Career Management, now in its third edition (2000).
Gerard A. Callanan is Associate Professor in the Management Department at West Chester University. He received a PhD in Organizational Behavior from Drexel University. Prior to his appointment at West Chester University in 2001, he was a Vice President with the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. During his 22 years at the Federal Reserve, Gerry held a number of senior posts, including responsibility for areas such as strategic planning, credit and risk management, and national currency management. A member of the Academy of Management, the American Psychological Association, and the Society for the Advancement of Management, he has done research that has appeared (or will appear) in scholarly publications such as the Journal of Vocational Behavior, Career Development International, Journal of Psychology, Journal of Education for Business, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, Education + Training, and Team Performance Management Journal. In 2000, Gerry coauthored (with Jeffrey H. Greenhaus and Veronica M. Godshalk) the textbook Career Management, now in its third edition.
About the Editorial Board
Nancy E. Betz is Professor of Psychology at The Ohio State University and is also a Huber Fellow in the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences. She has been a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University and the University of California, Santa Barbara. She has authored or coauthored over 130 articles on the topics of career development, measurement, and applications of Bandura's self-efficacy theory to career decision making. She is the author of Tests and Assessment, with Bruce Walsh, now in its fourth edition, and of The Career Psychology of Women, with Louise Fitzgerald. Nancy served for six years as the Editor of the Journal of Vocational Behavior and has served on the Department of Defense Advisory Committee on Military Testing. She is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association and American Psychological Society. Nancy is a recipient of the John Holland Award for Research in Career and Personality and the Leona Tyler Award for Scholarly Contribution to the field of Counseling Psychology.
Douglas T. (Tim) Hall is the Morton H. and Charlotte Friedman Professor of Management in the School of Management at Boston University. He is also the Director of the Executive Development Roundtable and Faculty Director of the MBA Program. He has previously held faculty positions at Yale, York, Michigan State, and Northwestern universities, and visiting positions at Columbia and the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. Tim is the author of Careers In and Out of Organizations and numerous other books and articles on careers and management. He is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association, the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, and the Academy of Management, where he served as a member of the Board of Governors and as Chair of the Organizational Behavior Division and cofounder and Chair of the Careers Division. Tim is a recipient of the American Psychological Association's Ghiselli Award for research design, the American Society for Training and Development's Walter Storey Professional Practice Award, and the Academy of Management's Everett C. Hughes Award for Careers Research.
Kerr Inkson is Professor of Management at the University of Otago, New Zealand. He has a background in organizational psychology, organizational behavior, and management studies and has held positions at 10 universities in the United Kingdom, United States, and New Zealand. He has published over 60 refereed journal articles, 30 book chapters, and 10 books. In recent years, his research has focused on careers, including boundaryless careers and international careers, and his books include two Sage publications related to careers:The New Careers (1999), coauthored by Michael B. Arthur and Judith K. Pringle, and Understanding Careers: The Metaphors of Working Lives (2006). Other recent books are Management: Perspectives for New Zealand (2002), coauthored by Darl Kolb; and Cultural Intelligence (2004), coauthored by David C. Thomas. Kerr is a contributor to key professional and academic forums and was Chair of the Careers Division of the Academy of Management for 2005–2006.
Phyllis Moen holds the McKnight Presidential Chair in Sociology at the University of Minnesota. She also directs the Flexible Work and Well-Being Center, part of a larger NIH-funded research network initiative. Prior to coming to Minnesota in 2003, Dr. Moen spent many years as a faculty member in both sociology and human development at Cornell University, where she founded the Bronfenbrenner Life Course Center (an interdisciplinary cross-college initiative) and the Cornell Careers Institute (supported by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation). She studies and has published numerous books and articles on occupational careers, retirement, health, gender, policy, and families, as they intersect and play out over the life course. Her two most recent books are It's About Time: Couples and Careers (2003) and The Career Mystique: Cracks in the American Dream (2005, with Pat Roehling). Dr. Moen has been elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Gerontological Society, and the National Council for Family Relations. She also is a member of the Conference Board's Work-Life Leadership Council, the Center on Aging & Work/Workplace Flexibility's Research Advisory Committee at Boston College, the National Academies of Science's Steering Committee for a Workshop on Decision Making Needs of Older People, and the National Institutes of Health study section on Social Psychology, Personality, and Interpersonal Processes.
Mark Savickas is Professor and Chair in the Behavioral Sciences Department at the Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine and Adjunct Professor of Counselor Education at Kent State University. His 80 articles, 25 book chapters, and 500 presentations to professional groups have dealt with vocational behavior and career counseling. He has served as Editor of the Career Development Quarterly (1991–1998) and is currently Editor of the Journal of Vocational Behavior (1999-present). He also serves on editorial boards for the Australian Journal of Career Development, British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, L'Orientation Scolaire et Professionnelle (France), and Educational Research Journal (Hong Kong). In 1994, he received the John L. Holland Award for Outstanding Achievement in Career and Personality Research from the Counseling Psychology Division (17) of the American Psychological Association. In 1996, he received the Eminent Career Award from the National Career Development Association.
Rosalie L. Tung is the Ming and Stella Wong Professor of International Business at Simon Fraser University. She was formerly a Wisconsin Distinguished Professor, Business Administration, with the University of Wisconsin system. She has been elected as a Fellow of the following associations: the Royal Society of Canada, the Academy of Management, the Academy of International Business, the British Academy of Management, and the International Academy for Intercultural Research. Besides serving on the Board of Governors of the Academy of Management in the 1980s, she was elected to a five-year term as a member of the Executive Committee of the Academy of Management, including the position of President of that association in 2003–2004. She has also served on the Executive Board of the Academy of International Business. Rosalie has published widely on the subjects of international management in publications such as the Journal of World Business, Organizational Dynamics, Journal of International Business Studies, Academy of Management Executive, and Academy of Management Journal. She is the author or editor of 11 books, including the IEBM Handbook of International Business and Learning from World Class Companies. She serves as Editor of International Human Resource Management for the Journal of World Business and is a Consulting Editor for the Journal of International Business Studies.
Contributors
Gerald Adams
University of Guelph
Janet Adams
Kennesaw State University
Randall Adams
Tennessee Tech University
Susan Adams
Bentley College
Nancy Allen
West Chester University
Natalie Allen
University of Western Ontario
Tammy Allen
University of South Florida
Joyce Altobelli
University of Minnesota
Jose Alves
University of Massachusetts
Uzo Anakwe
Pace University
Amy Armenia
Hofstra University
Maria Arnone
The Learning Group, New York
Steven Arsenault
College of Charleston
Michael Arthur
Suffolk University
Debra Arvanites
Villanova University
Derek Avery
Saint Joseph's University
Jessica Bagger
University of Arizona
Donna Bailey
lowa State University
David Baker
University of Akron
Harley Baker
California State University, Channel Islands
Azy Barak
University of Haifa
Julian Barling
Queens University, Canada
Paul Barrett
University of Auckland
Yehuda Baruch
University of East Anglia
James Benshoff
University of North Carolina, Greensboro
George Benson
University of Texas at Arlington
Nancy Betz
Ohio State University
Nicholas Beutell
Iona College
Laura Bierema
University of Georgia
Stacy Blake-Beard
Simmons College
Gary Blau
Temple University
Deborah Bloch
University of San Francisco
Caryn Block
Teachers College, Columbia University
Richard Block
Michigan State University
David Blustein
Boston College
Kathleen Boggs
University of Missouri–Columbia
Mark Bolino
University of Oklahoma
Fred Borgen
Iowa State University
Lynn Bowes-Sperry
Western New England College
Michael Brannick
University of South Florida
James Bright
University of New South Wales
Jon Briscoe
Northern Illinois University
Celeste Brotheridge
University of Regina
Michelle Brown
University of Melbourne
Steven Brown
Loyola University, Chicago
Bradley Brummel
University of Illinois
Scott Bublitz
Adaptiqs
Ronald Burke
York University
Richard Burkhauser
Cornell University
Louis Busacca
Cleveland State University
James Butcher
University of Minnesota
Zinta Byrne
Colorado State University
Gerard Callanan
West Chester University
Gerald Calvasina
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Cynthia Calvert
American University
William Canak
Middle Tennessee State University
Peter Cappelli
University of Pennsylvania
Stephen Ceci
Cornell University
Georgia Chao
Michigan State University
Maria Charles
University of California, San Diego
Oleksandr Chernyshenko
University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Amy Christie
Queens University, Canada
Y. Barry Chung
Georgia State University
Richard Cober
Booz Allen Hamilton
S. Nihal Colakoglu
Drexel University
Stephen Colarelli
Central Michigan University
Audrey Collin
De Montfort University
Gerald Collins
Madonna University
Patrick Converse
Florida Institute of Technology
David Cormier
West Virginia University
Stéphane Côté
University of Toronto
Jacqueline Coyle-Shapiro
London School of Economics
J. Michael Crant
University of Notre Dame
Madeline Crocitto
State University of New York, Old Westbury
Russell Cropanzano
University of Arizona
David Day
Pennsylvania State University
Anne de Bruin
Massey University
Kenneth De Meuse
University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire
Donna DeCarolis
Drexel University
John Deckop
Temple University
Eva Derous
KU Leuven Psychological Institute
C. Brooklyn Derr
Brigham Young University
Bryan Dik
Colorado State University
Stephan Dilchert
University of Minnesota
Dennis Doverspike
University of Akron
Robert Drago
Pennsylvania State University
Fritz Drasgow
University of Illinois
Michelle Duffy
University of Kentucky
Marianne Dunn
University of Maryland
Jane Dutton
University of Michigan
Lillian Eby
University of Georgia
Dov Eden
Tel Aviv University
Rhea Farberman
American Psychological Association
Helen Farmer
University of Illinois
Ronald Faust
University of Evansville
Daniel Feldman
University of Georgia
C. Melissa Fender
Drexel University
Henry Findley
Troy State University
Pamela Foley
Seton Hall University
Sharon Foley
Drexel University
Nadya Fouad
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
Kevin Fox
University of Tulsa
Marilyn Fox
Minnesota State University, Mankato
Michael Frone
State University of New York at Buffalo
Mel Fugate
Southern Methodist University
Dale Fuqua
Oklahoma State University
Normandie Gaitley
Neumann College
Robert Gatewood
University of Georgia
Marco Gemignani
Duquesne University
Naomi Gerstel
University of Massachusetts
Elizabeth Giangiulio
West Chester University
Donald Gibson
Fairfield University
Lucia Gilbert
University of Texas at Austin
Katherine Giscombe
Catalyst Women Inc.
Kevin Glavin
Kent State University
Mary Ann Glynn
Emory University
Veronica Godshalk
Pennsylvania State–Great Valley
Barry Goldman
University of Arizona
Pedro Gonzalez
Rensselaer Polytechnic University
Linda Gottfredson
University of Delaware
Michele Govekar
Ohio Northern University
Mary Gowan
George Washington University
Jeffrey Greenhaus
Drexel University
Barbara Griffin
University of Sydney
Morley Gunderson
University of Toronto
Hugh Gunz
University of Toronto
Barbara Gutek
University of Arizona
Tara Habasevich
Pennsylvania State University
Gail Hackett
Arizona State University
Catherine Hakim
London School of Economics
Douglas Hall
Boston University
Allen Hammer
Myers-Briggs Foundation
Leslie Hammer
Portland State University
Jo-Ida Hansen
University of Minnesota
Ginger Hanson
Portland State University
Michelle Harrison
Pennsylvania State University
Ellen Harshman
Saint Louis University
Bruce Hartman
Seton Hall University
Robert Hartman
Ohio State University
Paul Hartung
Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine
Joyce Thompson Heames
University of Mississippi
Justin Heet
Sagamore Institute
Monica Hemingway
Personnel Research Associates, Inc.
Amy Henley
University of Texas at Arlington
Mary Heppner
University of Missouri
Whitney Heppner
University of Georgia
Edwin Herr
Pennsylvania State University
Beryl Hesketh
University of Sydney
Bryan Hiebert
University of Calgary
Wayne Hochwarter
Florida State University
Christy Hofsess
Arizona State University
Dyane Johnson Holt
Society for Human Resource Management
Brooks Holtom
Georgetown University
Nancy Huber
University of Arizona
Tom Hughes
Independent Scholar
Amy Hurley-Hanson
Chapman University
Robert Hutchens
Cornell University
Jeffrey Hyman
University of Aberdeen Business
Herminia Ibarra
INSEAD
Kerr Inkson
Massey University
Jeanne Jacobs
San Francisco State University
David Jepsen
University of Iowa
Robert Johnson
University of Miami
LaRae Jome
State University of New York at Albany
Robert Jones
Missouri State University
Jeffrey Kahn
Illinois State University
Charlene Kalenkoski
Ohio University
Katherine Karl
Marshall University
Ronald Karren
University of Massachusetts
Harold Kaufman
Polytechnic University
Jennifer Keene
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Mary Kelly
Seton Hall University
Alexandra Kenna
Boston College
Michael Kernis
University of Georgia
Svetlana Khapova
University of Twente
James Kirk
Western Carolina University
Clifford Koen, Jr.
University of New Orleans
Thomas Kolenko
Kennesaw State University
Alison Konrad
University of Western Ontario
Richard Kopelman
Baruch College
Ellen Kossek
Michigan State University
Maria Kraimer
University of Melbourne
Tom Krieshok
University of Kansas
John Krumboltz
Stanford University
Rachael Kulick
University of Minnesota
Sarah Kulkofsky
Cornell University
Chad Lakey
University of Georgia
Lisa Larson
Iowa State University
Gary Latham
University of Toronto
Brenda Lautsch
Simon Fraser University
Mark Lengnick-Hall
University of Texas at San Antonio
Robert Lent
University of Maryland
Janet Lenz
Florida State University
Frederick Leong
University of Tennessee
Bijou Lester
Drexel University
Melanie Leuty
University of Minnesota
Edward Levine
University of South Florida
Jonathan Levine
Workforce Dynamic
Michele Levine
Cherry Hill, New Jersey
Sara Levine
Fitchburg State College
Paul Levy
University of Akron
Patricia Linn
Antioch College
Frank Linnehan
Drexel University
Jean Lipman-Blumen
Claremont Graduate University
Barrie Litzky
Pennsylvania State–Great Valley
Mary Logan
London School of Economics
Manuel London
State University of New York at Stony Brook
John Lounsbury
University of Tennessee
Brett Luthans
Missouri Western State College
Fred Luthans
University of Nebraska–Lincoln
Kristina Lyhus
Drexel University
Karen Lyness
Baruch College
Colleen Maguire
University of Akron
Charles Manz
University of Massachusetts
Mitchell Marks
San Francisco State University
Cynthia McCauley
Center for Creative Leadership
Donna McCloskey
Widener University
Frances McKee-Ryan
Oregon State University
Gary McMahan
University of Texas
Stacy McManus
Harvard Business School
Michael Miller
LearnSpire, LLC, and Western International University
Peter Mills
University of Oregon
Phyllis Moen
University of Minnesota
Kelly Mollica
Bethel College
Edward Mone
State University of New York at Stony Brook
Matthew Monnot
Central Michigan University
Celia Moore
University of Toronto
Paula Morrow
Iowa State University
Kerri Murphy
Boston College
Karen Myers
Arizona State University
Margaret Nauta
Illinois State University
Margaret Neal
Portland State University
Greg Neimeyer
University of Florida
Debra Nelson
Oklahoma State University
Esther Neuwirth
University of California, Berkeley
Jody Newman
University of Oklahoma
Thomas Ng
University of Georgia
Orla NicDomhnaill
Columbia University
Spencer Niles
Pennsylvania State University
Joanne Noble
Schnader Harrison Segal & Lewis LLP
Krista Norden
Drexel University
Traci Nyberg
University of Oklahoma
Karen O'Brien
University of Maryland
Michael O'Driscoll
University of Waikato
Lynn Offermann
George Washington University
Regina O'Neill
Suffolk University
Deniz Ones
University of Minnesota
Margaret Orr
Columbia University
Frederick Oswald
Michigan State University
Wendy Patton
Quensland University of Technology
Matthew Pearsall
University of Arizona
David Perri
West Chester University
Julia Perry
Veteran's Administration
Gary Peterson
Florida State University
Jane Philbrick
Savannah State University
Susan Phillips
SUNY University at Albany
Corrie Pogson
University of Tulsa
Mark Pope
University of Missouri–St. Louis
Tahira Probst
Washington State University, Vancouver
Shelly Prochaska
Society for Human Resource Management
Robert Pryor
University of New South Wales
Yasmin Purohit
Saint Joseph's University
James Quick
University of Texas at Arlington
Narda Quigley
Villanova University
Samuel Rabinowitz
Rutgers University–Camden
Anat Rafaeli
Technion–Israel Institute of Technology
Belle Ragins
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
Patricia Raskin
Teachers College, Columbia University
Jack Rayman
Pennsylvania State University
Robert Reardon
Florida State University
Dane Redman
Drexel University
Malcolm Ree
Our Lady of the Lake University
Mark Rehfuss
Regent University
Carrie Robinson
Ohio State University
Jay Rojewski
University of Georgia
Maria Rotundo
University of Toronto
Janet Rovenpor
Manhattan College
Joyce Russell
University of Maryland
Ann Marie Ryan
Michigan State University
Alan Saks
University of Toronto
James Sampson. Jr.
Florida State University
Denise Saunders
Private Practice
Mark Savickas
Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine
Max Schanzenbach
Northwestern University
Edgar Schein
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Emeritus)
Deidra Schleicher
Purdue University
Eva Schmitt-Rodermund
University of Jena
Eugene Schnell
Johns Hopkins University
Donna Schultheiss
Cleveland State University
Oliver Schultheiss
University of Michigan
Lisa Scidurlo
Stevens & Lee
Anne Scott
University of Missouri
Scott Seibert
Melbourne Business School
Jan Selmer
Aarhus School of Business
Michael Shahnasarian
Career Consultants of America
Jason Shaw
University of Kentucky
C. Branton Shearer
Kent State University
Victoria Shivy
Virginia Commonwealth University
Romila Singh
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
M. Joseph Sirgy
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Vicki Smith
University of California, Davis
Sandro Sodano
Arizona State University
Marcia Sparks
Savannah State University
Paul Spector
University of South Florida
Gretchen Spreitzer
University of Michigan
David Spruill
Louisiana State University
David Stapleton
Cornell University, Institute for Policy Research
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University of South Florida
Robert Steel
University of Michigan
Marcus Stewart
Bentley College
Mary Still
American University
Robin Stokes
Pennsylvania State–Delaware County
Dianna Stone
University of Central Florida
Eugene Stone-Romero
University of Central Florida
Sherry Sullivan
Bowling Green State University
Branimir Sverko
University of Zagreb
Brian Taber
Oakland University
Wendi Tai
Center for Human Growth
Svenja Tams
University of Bath
Joyce Tang
Queens College, City University of New York
Phyllis Tharenou
University of South Australia
Precha Thavikulwat
Towson University
Kecia Thomas
University of Georgia
Steven Thomas
Southwest Missouri State University
Howard Tinsley
Southern Illinois University, Carbondale
Sarah Toman
Cleveland State University
Sandra Tomkowicz
West Chester University
Jennifer Tosti
New York University
Terence Tracey
Arizona State University
Daniel Turban
University of Missouri
William Turnley
Kansas State University
Walter Tymon, Jr.
Villanova University
Lorene Ulrich
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
P. Monique Valcour
Boston College
David Van Rooy
Burger King Corporation
Ellen Van Velsor
Center for Creative Leadership
Chockalingam Viswesvaran
Florida International University
Fred Vondracek
Pennsylvania State University
Steven Wald
University of Toronto
W. Bruce Walsh
Ohio State University
John Wanous
Ohio State University
Christy Weer
Drexel University
James Westaby
Teachers College, Columbia University
Mina Westman
Tel Aviv University
Elaine Wethington
Cornell University
Susan Whiston
Indiana University
Julia DeVoy Whitcavitch
Boston College
Melissa White
University of New England
Celeste Wilderom
University of Twente
Joan Williams
American University
Kristen Dee Wilson
West Chester University
Christopher Winch
King's College, London
Jane Winer
Texas Tech University
David Woehr
University of Tennessee
Amy Wrzesniewski
New York University
Baiyin Yang
University of Minnesota
Janice Yoder
University of Akron
Carolyn Youssef
University of Nebraska–Lincoln
Jelena Zikic
Instituto de Empresa
Donald Zytowski
National Career Assessment Systems, Inc.
Acknowledgments
The publication of the Encyclopedia of Career Development represents the culmination of more than two years of work. Along the way, we were fortunate to be helped and guided by many people. To these individuals, we wish to express our deepest gratitude.
Our Editorial Advisory Board comprises six internationally renowned experts in career development, and we thank them for their willingness to share their expertise with us at every stage of the project and for their unswerving commitment to the highest level of excellence: Dr. Nancy Betz, Professor of Psychology at The Ohio State University; Dr. Douglas T. (Tim) Hall, Morton H. and Charlotte Friedman Professor of Management in the School of Management at Boston University; Dr. Kerr Inkson, Professor of Management at the University of Otago, New Zealand; Dr. Phyllis Moen, McKnight Presidential Chair in Sociology at the University of Minnesota; Dr. Mark Savickas, Professor and Chair in the Behavioral Sciences Department at the Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine; and Dr. Rosalie L. Tung, Ming and Stella Wong Professor of International Business at Simon Fraser University.
We also thank a number of colleagues at our respective institutions for their assistance, emotional support, and expert advice. At Drexel University, we thank Dr. George Tsetsekos, Dean of the LeBow College of Business; Dr. Dona DeCarolis, Head of the Department of Management; and Emily Missner Devaney, Information Services Librarian for the LeBow School of Business. At West Chester University, we thank Dr. Christopher Fiorentino, Dean of the College of Business and Public Affairs; Dr. Cynthia Benzing, Professor in the Economics and Finance Department; Dr. Charles McGee, Chair of the Management Department; and Dr. Stephen Marvin, Associate Professor and Reference Librarian.
We also offer our thanks to Dr. Stephen A. Stumpf, Professor of Management and Fred J. Springer Chair in Business Leadership at Villanova University. Steve's widespread knowledge of career development and his extensive network of relationships were instrumental in the selection of topics and authors.
Many highly dedicated and talented professionals at Sage Publications deserve our special thanks and gratitude. Rolf Janke, Vice President and Publisher, and Al Bruckner, Acquisitions Editor, were extraordinarily supportive from the beginning of the project, providing enthusiasm, advice, and friendship. Yvette Pollastrini and Paul Reis, Development Editors, and Leticia Gutierrez, Systems Coordinator, were very helpful in facilitating the submission and review of the entries. Thanks also to Beth Bernstein, Production Editor, and Barbara Coster and Carla Freeman, Copy Editors, who took well-written entries and made them even better.
We also express our deep appreciation to the more than 300 authors who contributed entries to the Encyclopedia of Career Development. They are the heart and soul of the encyclopedia, and we are forever grateful for their willingness to share their extensive knowledge with legions of fortunate readers.
Finally, we thank our families for their love and patience. Were it not for our families' continuing support and encouragement, this encyclopedia would have remained a pipe dream. We therefore dedicate the Encyclopedia of Career Development to Adele, Marge, Joanne, Tim, Riley, Michele, Jeff, Hallie, and Carly (JHG), as well as to Laura, Michael, Tim, Ryan, and the fat kid (GAC). Thank you for everything!
Introduction
Sweeping changes in the nature of work, shifts in the meaning of career success, the rise of global business and international careers, heightened concerns over social influences on careers, and emerging labor laws and regulations influence the ways in which individuals, organizations, and the broader society view career development. It is therefore an opportune time to present the Encyclopedia of Career Development, which provides a thorough treatment of these recent and emerging trends.
Our goal was to make the Encyclopedia of Career Development the premier reference tool for students, scholars, practitioners, and others interested in gaining knowledge or conducting research on career development-related topics. We have kept the entries concise, easy to read, and jargon free, while ensuring that the content reflects the most current thinking and research on the particular topic. We have provided entries that are directly related to the field of career development and have expressly avoided tangential topics or biographical profiles that add pages but do not improve the content. Most important, we sought authors who are recognized experts on their topics and who have demonstrated a history of contributing high-quality writing to the field of career development.
It is our firm belief that the Encyclopedia of Career Development represents an indispensable reference resource for college and university libraries and public libraries located throughout the United States and around the world. In addition, the encyclopedia can be an invaluable reference tool for corporations and consultants for use in their libraries and career centers.
In collaboration with our expert and prestigious Editorial Board, we identified the significant terms, concepts, and practices that represent the field of career development. This intensive process resulted in an encyclopedia that spans two volumes; contains over 400 entries, arranged in A-to-Z format; and totals over 600,000 words. The entries were written by renowned researchers, scholars, and practitioners, who provided the most current definitions, information, theories, and applications relevant to their topics. The provision of relevant, up-to-date material on each entry is especially important from a reference standpoint because career development is a dynamic field of study.
Themes and PerspectivesWhen a person hears the term career development, several different perspectives may come to mind. For example, some people might be inclined to view career development strictly in personal terms, being more concerned with their own achievement and success. Others might view career development in terms of organizational programs or practices that assist employees in managing their careers. Still others could see career development from a work-life integration perspective or from a legal or societal viewpoint. Of course, there are many other vantage points from which career development can be seen.
Because of this wide variation in lenses through which career development can be viewed, the Encyclopedia of Career Development has a multi-disciplinary focus that represents psychological, sociological, educational, counseling, organizational behavior, and human resource management perspectives on career development issues. As shown in the Reader's Guide, the entries in the encyclopedia collectively capture 10 significant career-development themes or perspectives, each of which is briefly described below:
- The theoretical perspectives on careers theme represents a variety of major theories and conceptual frameworks relevant to career development. Providing an excellent foundation for understanding career development, entries that reflect this theme include Career Construction Theory, Holland's Theory of Vocational Choice, Metaphors for Careers, Social Cognitive Career Theory, and Super's Career Development Theory.
- The social context of careers theme recognizes that career development takes place in the larger society. Many entries reflect the social context by considering the characteristics of the contemporary workplace (for example, the Customized Careers entry); culture and international perspectives (e.g., Culture and Careers); ethnicity, gender, and diversity (e.g., Multicultural Organization); the organizational environment (e.g., Toxic Leadership); social class and background (e.g., Family Background and Careers); and the work-life interface (e.g., Two-career Relationships).
- The evolution of careers theme recognizes that careers unfold over time. In this sense, career development can be viewed as a series of stages, patterns, and transitions. Entries that reflect this theme include Career Interruptions, Career Plateau, Job Loss, Midlife Crisis, and the Obsolescence of Knowledge and Skills.
- The decision-making theme emphasizes the decisions and choices that individuals make throughout their lifetimes. These decisions are often evaluated in terms of whether they produce a fit or consistency between the individual and the environment within which that person works. The encyclopedia includes entries that highlight decision-making tasks and issues from a variety of vantage points, such as Career Decision-making Styles, Career Indecision, Career Strategy, and Individual Career Management.
- Variations in career patterns and career success are the norm rather than the exception in contemporary society. Individuals are more likely than ever to follow their own values rather than those prescribed by society, as the entries on the Boundaryless Career and the Protean Career richly illustrate. Other entries that reflect individual variations in the meaning and pursuit of a career include Career as a Calling, Career Success, Entrepreneurship, and Lockstep Career Progression.
- Career development initiatives are programs and practices that employers, counselors, universities, and society provide to promote successful career decision making and the effective development of students' and employees' careers. Entries representative of this theme include Academic Advising, Career Centers, Computer-based Career Support Systems, Mentoring, Three-Hundred-Sixty-Degree (360°) Evaluation, and Wellness and Fitness Programs.
- Legislative and regulatory mandates are various legislative, regulatory, judicial, and labor relations decrees and mandates that influence career development and decision making from both an individual and an organizational perspective. A number of entries reflect this theme, including Domestic-partner Benefits, Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), Hostile Working Environment, and Wrongful Dismissal.
- Assessment areas and techniques include the personal characteristics that influence career development as well as the instruments that assess these characteristics. Representative entries that reflect this theme include Abilities, Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values, Career Anchors, Career Development Inventory, Emotional Intelligence, Multiple Intelligences, and Personality and Careers.
- Job search and organizational recruiting represent, respectively, the processes by which individuals select organizations and organizations select individuals. The job-search process is the focus of entries such as Informational Interview, Internet Career Assessment, Job Search, Occupational Outlook Handbook, and Networking. Handwriting Analysis in Hiring, Organizational Staffing, Personnel Selection, and Recruitment are among the entries that center on organizational recruiting.
- Information on professional associations can be useful to readers who want to explore educational or other developmental opportunities in different fields. Entries describing associations are the American Counseling Association, American Psychological Association, Center for Creative Leadership, and National Career Development Association.
Important FeaturesA number of features embodied within the Encyclopedia of Career Development make it a user-friendly reference tool. First, at the end of each entry, the “Further Readings and References” section provides the reader with additional sources of information on the particular topic. These added references primarily represent either seminal works on the topic or the most current research.
Another important feature at the end of each entry are “See also” listings, which provide cross-references to other associated entries. This information is especially useful for students doing research because it provides linkages with other topics that they might wish to consult to broaden their research.
In addition to the A-to-Z listing of the entries, we have also included a Reader's Guide, which presents the entries according to major themes or categories. The guide is a valuable tool that allows students and researchers to gain a broader understanding of a particular area of study based on how the entry is grouped with other entries representing a specific theme.
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