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Phrenology (Psychology)
Was founded by Franz Joseph Gall, a Viennese physician, around 1800 and gained popularity in the 19th century. Phrenology is the pseudoscientific theory that psychological charac teristics are revealed by bumps on the skull. Gall believed that speech, math ability, aggression, and other traits are localized to certain regions of the brain. Phrenologists believed that the mind has a set of different mental faculties, with each particular faculty represented in a different portion of the brain. Gall stated that all moral and intellectual faculties are innate, their manifestation depends on organization, and the form of the head represents the form of the brain and reflects the relative development of the brain organs. Phrenology laid the foundation for modern neuroscience. For more information, see Zola-Morgan (1995).