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Like other concepts of mass communication research, the term framing has also appeared in popular discourse – particularly that of media critics, politicians, and campaign insiders. For instance, linguistics scholar and media critic Noam Chomsky used the term in an interview discussing New York Times coverage of the crisis in Kuwait prior to the Gulf War (Szykowny, 1990). Chomsky argued that the Times story framed an offer by Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait in a way that trivialized the offer. Media critic David Shaw of The Los Angeles Times used the word frame in a discussion of news coverage of abortion (Shaw, 1990). Shaw noted that “the very language used to frame the abortion debate in much of the media implicitly favors the abortion rights advocates” (p. C1). Political poll watchers have long known that wording a question in a particular way can frame the issue in a specific way. Different polls about abortion, for instance, will often produce contrary results. Pollster Harrison Hickman argued that this kind of effect can extend even beyond the polls: “Just as the polls come out according to the way the question is asked, so will the outcome of elections depend on who is…
Table of Contents
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Volume 1
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Asking the Right Questions (Theory, History, Traditions, Context in Mass Communication Research)
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Oliver Boyd-Barrett
2002
The Media Book
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Klaus Jensen
2002
A Handbook of Media and Communication Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Methodologies
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3. Media, Culture and Modern Times: Social Science Investigations
Graham Murdock
2002
A Handbook of Media and Communication Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Methodologies
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4. Remarks on Administrative and Critical Communications Research
Paul Lazarsfeld
1941
Studies in Philosophy and Science
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5. Media Sociology: The Dominant Paradigm
Todd Gitlin
1978
Theory and Society
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6. Communication Research: One Paradigm, or Four?
Karl Rosengren
1983
Journal of Communication
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7. The Three Paradigms of Mass Media Research in Mainstream Communication Journals
W. James | Roger Cooper | Michel Dupagne
1993
Communication Theory
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8. The New Revisionism in Mass Communication Research: A Reappraisal
James Curran
1990
European Journal of Communication
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9. Mass Communication Research: Asking the Right Questions
James Halloran
1998
Mass Communication Research Methods
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10. Cultural Compliance and Critical Media Studies
Greg Philo | David Miller
2000
Media, Culture & Society
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Researching Media Institutions, Organisations, Professionals and Production
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The History of Media Institutions
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11. Finding Data, Reading Patterns, Telling Stories: Issues in the Historiography of Television
John Corner
2003
Culture & Society
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12. Problems and Possibilities in the Writing of Broadcasting History
Asa Briggs
1980
Culture & Society
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Media Professionals and Media Production
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13. Participant Observation: Researching News Production
Simon Cottle
1998
Mass Communication Research Methods
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Philip Elliott
1972
The Making of a Television Series: A Case Study in the Sociology of Culture
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15. News as Purposive Behavior: On the Strategic Use of Routine Events, Accidents, and Scandals
Harvey Molotch | Marilyn Lester
1974
American Sociological Review
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16. Four Approaches to the Sociology of News
Michael Schudson
2005
Mass Media and Society
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Pamela Shoemaker
1996
An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research
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Richard Ericson | Patricia Baranek | Janet Chan
1987
Visualizing Deviance: A Study of News Organization
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19. New(s) Times: Towards a ‘Second Wave’ of News Ethnography
Simon Cottle
2000
Communication
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20. Holism, Communion and Conversion: Integrating Media Consumption and Production Research
David Deacon
2003
Culture and Society
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Volume 2
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Researching Media Institutions, Organisations, Professionals and Production
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Political Economy (Media Institutions)
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21. The Political Economy of Communications
Janet Wasko
2004
The SAGE Handbook of Media Studies
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Communications Policy Research
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22. Facing In: Researchers and Academia
Sandra Braman
2003
Communication Researchers and Policy-Making
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23. Media Policy Paradigm Shifts: Towards a New Communications Policy Paradigm
Jan van Cuilenburg | Denis McQuail
2003
European Journal of Communication
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Researching Media Content and Representation
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Content Analysis
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24. Overview of Media Research Methodologies: Media Output
Barrie Gunter
2000
Media Research Methods: Measuring Audiences, Reactions and Impact
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25. Reflections: Ethnographic Content Analysis
David Altheide
1987
Qualitative Sociology
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26. Two Approaches to the Study of Advertisements
William Leiss | Stephen Kline | Sut Jhally
1997
Social Communication in Advertising: Persons, Products & Images of Well-Being
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27. Reading the News
Richard Ericson | Patricia Baranek | Janet Chan
1991
Representing Order: Crime, Law, and Justice in the News Media
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Semiotics and Discourse Analysis
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Arthur Berger
2004
Media Analysis Techniques
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Heather Brookes
1995
Discourse & Society
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Paul Rutherford
1994
The New Icons? The Art of Television Advertising
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Rosalind Gill
2000
Qualitative Researching with Text, Image and Sound: A Practical Handbook
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Structural and Narrative Analysis
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Horace Newcomb
2004
The Sage Handbook of Media Studies
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33. Structural Analysis and Mass Communication
Olivier Burgelin
1972
Sociology of Mass Communications
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34. Introduction to the Structural Analysis of Narratives
Roland Barthes
1977
Image Music Text
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35. Narrative Strategies in Television Science – A Case Study
Roger Silverstone
1984
Culture & Society
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36. Re(de)fining Narrative Events: Examining Television Narrative Structure
J. Michael | Deborah Larson | Allison Harthcock | Kelly Nellis
2002
Journal of Popular Film and Television
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Volume 3
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Researching Media Content and Representation
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Framing Analysis
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37. The Constructionist Approach to Framing: Bringing Culture Back In
Baldwin Van Gorp
2007
Journal of Communication
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38. The Framing Project: A Bridging Model for Media Research Revisited
Stephen Reese
2007
Journal of Communication
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39. Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm
Robert Entman
1993
Journal of Communication
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40. Cascading Activation: Contesting the White House's Frame after 9/11
Robert Entman
2003
Political Communication
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41. Getting Framed: The Media Shape Reality
Charlotte Ryan
1991
Prime Time Activism: Media Strategies for Grassroots Organizing
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42. The Power of a Frame: An Analysis of Newspaper Coverage of Tobacco Issues – United States, 1985–1996
Claudia Menashe | Michael Siegel
1998
Journal of Health Communication
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43. The Empirical Approach to the Study of Media Framing
James Tankard
2001
Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World
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Linguistic and Rhetorical Analysis
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Lynne Flowerdew
2005
English for Specific Purposes
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45. Corpus Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis: Examining the Ideology of Sleaze
Debbie Orpin
2005
International Journal of Corpus Linguistics
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46. Figures of Rhetoric in Advertising Language
Edward McQuarrie | David Mick
1996
Journal of Consumer Research
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Sally Johnson | Jonathan Culpeper | Stephanie Suhr
2003
Discourse & Society
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48. Tampering with Nature: ‘Nature’ and the ‘Natural’ in Media Coverage of Genetics and Biotechnology
Anders Hansen
2006
Culture & Society
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49. The Meanings of ‘Risk': A View from Corpus Linguistics
Craig Hamilton | Svenja Adolphs | Brigitte Nerlich
2007
Discourse & Society
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Visual Analysis
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50. Analysing Visuals: Still and Moving Images
Simon Cottle
1998
Mass Communication Research Methods
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Roland Barthes
1977
Image Music Text
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52. The Determinations of News Photographs
Stuart Hall
1981
The Manufacture of News
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David Machin
2004
Visual Communication
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Erik Bucy | Maria Grabe
2007
Journal of Communication
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Researching Media and Communication in Society: Consumption, Audiences, Politics, Problems and Pleasures
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55. Five Traditions in Search of the Audience
Klaus Jensen | Karl Erik
1990
Rosengren European Journal of Communication
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Sonia Livingstone
2004
European Journal of Communication
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57. Audience and Readership Research
Jenny Kitzinger
2004
The SAGE Handbook of Media Studies
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Survey Research
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58. Survey Research
Pamela Shoemaker | Maxwell McCombs
2002
Mass Communication Research and Theory
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59. The BBC Internet Study: General Methodology
Stian Reimers
2007
Archives of Sexual Behavior
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Volume 4
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Researching Media and Communication in Society: Consumption, Audiences, Politics, Problems and Pleasures
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Focus Group Research
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Robert Merton | Patricia Kendall
1946
American Journal of Sociology
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61. The Methodology of Focus Groups: The Importance of Interaction between Research Participants
Jenny Kitzinger
1994
Sociology of Health & Illness
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62. From Focus Groups to Editing Groups: A New Method of Reception Analysis
Brent MacGregor | David Morrison
1995
Media, Culture and Society
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63. Rethinking the Focus Group in Media and Communications Research
Peter Lunt | Sonia Livingstone
1996
Journal of Communication
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Selected Key Models in Media Audience and Influence Research
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Cultivation Analysis
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64. Growing up with Television: The Cultivation Perspective
George Gerbner | Larry Gross | Michael Morgan | Nancy Signorielli
1994
Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research
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Agenda-setting
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65. The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media
Maxwell McCombs | Donald Shaw
1972
Public Opinion Quarterly
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Reception Analysis
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66. Patterns of Involvement in Television Fiction: A Comparative Analysis
Tamar Liebes | Elihu Katz
1986
European Journal of Communication
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Uses & Gratifications
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67. Media Uses and Effects: A Uses-and-Gratifications Perspective
Alan Rubin
1994
Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research
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Political and Public Opinion Influence
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68. Media, Public Opinion, and Political Action
Holli Semetko
2004
The SAGE Handbook of Media Studies
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69. Television, Public Opinion and the War in Iraq: The Case of Britain
Justin Lewis
2004
International Journal of Public Opinion Research
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Itzhak Yanovitzky
2002
Communication Research
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Constructionism
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71. The Rise and Fall of Social Problems: A Public Arenas Model
Stephen Hilgartner | Charles Bosk
1988
American Journal of Sociology
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72. Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach
William Gamson | Andre Modigliani
1989
American Journal of Sociology
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Doing Communication Research: Sources & Resources, the Research Process
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73. Using Data Archives for Secondary Analysis
Clive Seale
2004
Researching Society and Culture
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74. Dealing with Documentation
David Deacon | Michael Pickering | Peter Golding | Graham Murdock
2007
Researching Communication: A Practical Guide to Methods in Media and Cultural Analysis
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75. Mass Media Research and the Internet
Roger Wimmer | Joseph Dominick
2005
Mass Media Research: An Introduction
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76. Reaching Conclusions, Evaluating the Research, Writing the Report
Ina Bertrand | Peter Hughes
2004
Media Research Methods: Audiences, Institutions, Texts
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