Summary
Contents
“This is a splendid book, providing a readable and reliable guide to a very large range of topics and literature... the author brings together, as few of us can, the details of research methodology and practice with broader philosophical perspectives and approaches.” - William Outhwaite, Emeritus Professor, Newcastle University “We need researchers who are philosophically informed rather than philosophically obsessed or philosophically oppressed. With this book Malcolm Williams strikes the exact balance.” - Ray Pawson, Emeritus Professor, University of Leeds This book is an ideal introduction for any student or social researcher hoping to better understand the philosophical issues that inform social research. Williams is the perfect guide providing short focused introductions to key concepts alongside a persuasive and engaging overview of how we interpret and conduct research. The book covers everything from core research methods, to ethical concerns and an exploration of the metaphysics of social life, with each entry providing: • Clear definitions • Engaging real world examples • Up-do-date suggestions for further reading • Informative cross-referencing • Lists of key thinkers. Relevant and authoritative, this book is an indispensable introduction to the philosophy of social research.
Causality
Causality
Causality (sometimes described as causation) is a cornerstone, albeit a controversial one, of philosophy and science. It might be simply described as ‘what makes something happen’, or in social research ‘how does change in one variable create change in another’?
In this section some key philosophical issues are examined and four possible strategies are set out: abandoning causality, causality through sufficient conditions, causality through necessary conditions and causality as probability. Causes in social research as singular and aggregate and the relationship to complexity and mechanisms.
In our everyday lives we constantly use causal language. Sometimes this employs the word ‘cause’ (or its derivatives), for example ‘She went through a red light and caused an accident’, or language that implies that something was caused, ...