Skip to main content
SAGE Knowledge
SAGE Knowledge
Books

Building Health Coalitions in the Black Community

Books

Ronald L. Braithwaite, Sandra E. Taylor & John N. Austin

Publication Year: 2000

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452204796

Subject: Health Psychology, Health Psychology / Behavioral Medicine, Black Studies

LessMore information >
  • Citations
  • Add to My List
  • Text Size

Citations

Braithwaite, R. L., Taylor, S. E. & Austin, J. N. (2000). Building health coalitions in the black community Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: 10.4135/9781452204796

Braithwaite, Ronald L., Sandra E. Taylor and John N. Austin. Building Health Coalitions in the Black Community. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2000. doi: 10.4135/9781452204796.

Braithwaite, R L, Taylor, S E & Austin, J N 2000, Building health coalitions in the black community, SAGE Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, viewed 24 May 2020, doi: 10.4135/9781452204796.

Braithwaite, Ronald L, et al.. Building Health Coalitions in the Black Community. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2000. SAGE Knowledge. Web. 24 May. 2020, doi: 10.4135/9781452204796.

Copy to Clipboard

Have you created a personal profile? Login or create a profile so that you can create alerts and save clips, playlists, and searches.

Font Size

A Small A Normal A Large
  • Chapters
  • Front Matter
  • Back Matter
  • Subject Index

  • Dedication

    Dedicated to health coalition facilitators everywhere

    Copyright

    View Copyright Page

    Preface

    The purpose of this book is to highlight issues pertinent to health coalition-building initiatives, particularly as they relate to African American communities. Coalitions, partnerships, alliances, and collaborative linkages designed to confront compelling health problems in African American communities have proliferated during the past 15 years. These efforts have provided a useful methodology for grassroots organizers, as well as health and human service providers, to address the lack of health promotion efforts and health equity in African American communities. Some argue that a thin line exists between individual responsibility and systemic barriers relative to the quality of life in these communities. Those on either side, however, would be hard pressed to deny the positive outcomes that can ensue from discussion on the topic. This book seeks to provide a forum for stimulating such discussions that are useful in coalition building for health promotion.

    The book begins with an historical context for the deployment of coalition partnerships as a change strategy. The book also provides guidelines for those interested in using bottom-up planning approaches to improve the plight of disenfranchised groups. In this sense, it is intended as a resource for enhancing knowledge and understanding about the dynamics of community organization and development in the African American community.

    The development of coalition partnerships has been shown to be a viable strategy toward solving various social problems. For example, a recent large-city effort of government, educational, and corporate entities involved the launching of new opportunities for the continued education of new teenage mothers. Countless other examples indicate the trend toward collaboration in combating existing and potential problems that plague America's communities. Particularly within the African American community, certain social problems—crime, illiteracy, and unemployment are only a few—tend to have a disproportionate effect. Moreover, an array of health problems, including cancer, hypertension, drug addiction, HIV/AIDS, and violence, disproportionately affect this population. Coalition partnerships have been viewed by different entities, including the community residents themselves, as a needed strategy toward alleviating human suffering in areas of preventable disease.

    Although it is generally accepted by scholars, health care professionals, and community residents themselves that coalitions hold the key for the development of African American communities, little information is available about the organization of such collaborative efforts. This book attempts to illuminate this situation and discusses guidelines for the development and sustenance of coalitions in these communities. It presents a brief history of collaborative efforts in African American communities and examines privately and federally funded initiatives for health promotion. It also views coalitions in theoretical and applied contexts. Coalition partnerships are discussed in conjunction with the faith community, the combating of substance abuse, environmental threats, and urban/rural settings. The effort borrows from our varied experiences as directors, principal investigators, evaluators, and other roles with community coalitions. It represents a compilation of archival data, oral history and anecdotes, case studies, survey research, and syntheses of parts of the current literature in its development. The terms coalition, partnership, and collaborative efforts are used interchangeably to refer to the coordination of two or more parties' efforts to attain a mutually agreed-on goal.

    Acknowledgments

    We would like to acknowledge the contributions of the numerous colleagues, especially Micky Roberts and Martha Boisseau, who provided conceptual feedback while this manuscript was in the initial phases of development. We also extend our sincere appreciation to graduate students Clark Denny, Leslie Fieldler, Johanna Leffler, Micah Milton, Arian Krause, and Golda Aliza Smith of the Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, who generously provided their time in doing library research and contributed significantly to the refinement of the chapters herein. Meg Gwaltney of COSMOS Corporation and David Robbins from the U.S. Center for Substance Abuse Prevention also provided access to national data sets for the chapter on “Coalitions Combating Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use.” We are particularly grateful to Betty Stevens of the Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, who contributed significantly to the editing, formatting, and final preparation of the manuscript for submission to the publishers. Finally, we are grateful to the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (Grant #1 H86-SP03-221-01) for supporting parts of the programs and evaluations reported herein.

  • Appendix: Community Coalition Member Training: Needs Assessment Survey

    Purpose

    The purpose of this survey is to determine areas of needed training to enhance planning and coalition board effectiveness relative to the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention Community Partnership grant implementation.

    Please circle whether you have high or low need for training in any of the following areas:

    References

    Adams, J. H. (1992). The mainstream environmental movement. EPA Journal, 18(1), 25–27.
    Allen-Meares, P. (1989). Adolescent sexuality and premature parenthood: Role of the black church in prevention. Journal of Social Work & Human Sexuality, 8, 133–142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J291v08n01_10
    Anderton, D. L., Anderson, A. B., Oakes, J. M., & Fraser, M. R. (1994). Environmental equity: The demographics of dumping. Demography, 31(2), 229–248. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2061884
    Anderton, D. L., Anderson, A. B., Rossi, P. H., Oakes, J. M., Fraser, M. R., Weber, E. W., & Calabrese, E. J. (1994). Hazardous waste facilities: Environmental equity: Issues in metropolitan areas. Evaluation Review, 18(2), 123–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193841X9401800201
    APEX-PH: Assessment protocol for excellence in public health. (1991). Washington, DC: National Association of County Health Officials.
    Association of American Medical Colleges. (1997, October). FACTS (Monograph).
    Axinn, J., & Levin, H. (1992). Social welfare: A history of the American response to need. White Plains, NY: Longman. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00199-010-0573-7
    Bachtel, D. C., & Boatright, S. R. (Eds.). (1991). The Georgia County guide. Athens: University of Georgia Cooperative extension Service.
    Bailey, C., Faupel, C. E., & Gundlach, J. H. (1993). Environmental politics in Alabama's black belt. In R. D.Bullard (Ed.), Confronting environmental racism (pp. 107–122). Boston: South End.
    Battle, V. D. (1988). The influence of Al-Islam in America on the black community. Black Scholar, 19, 33–41.
    Baugh, J. A. (1991). African-Americans and the environment: A review essay. Policy Studies Journal, 19(2), 182–191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.1991.tb01893.x
    Bernstein, E., Wallerstein, N., Braithwaite, R., Gutierrez, L., Labonte, R., & Zimmerman, M. (1994). Empowerment forum: A dialogue between guest editorial board members. Health Education Quarterly, 21(3), 281–294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019819402100302
    Black church diabetes education program brings message of health. (1994, December 4). California Voice, p. 1.
    Black church diabetes program gets underway in Los Angeles. (1994, September 22). Los Angeles Sentinel, p. A10.
    Blackwell, J. E. (1991). The black community: Diversity and unity (
    3rd ed.
    ). New York: HarperCollins.
    Boatright, S. R., & Bachtel, D. C. (1998). The Georgia County guide. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Colleges of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences and Family & Consumer Services.
    Bouie, J. (1993). A community organization model for prevention of alcohol and other drug abuse, HIV transmission, and AIDS among African Americans. Paper presented at the Second National Conference on Preventing and Treating Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse, HIV Infection, and AIDS in the Black Community: From Advocacy to Action, Rockville, MD.
    Braithwaite, R. L. (1992). Coalition partnerships for health promotion and empowerment. In R. L.Braithwaite & S. E.Taylor (Eds.), Health issues in the black community (pp. 321–337). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
    Braithwaite, R. L. (1994). Challenges to evaluation in rural coalitions [CSAP special issue]. Journal of Community Psychology, 188–200.
    Braithwaite, R. L., Bianchi, C., & Taylor, S. E. (1994). An ethnographic approach to community organization and health empowerment. Health Education Quarterly, 21(3), 407–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019819402100311
    Braithwaite, R. L., & Lythcott, N. (1989). Community empowerment as a strategy for health promotion for black and other minority populations. Journal of American Medical Association, 261(2), 282–283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1989.03420020136047
    Braithwaite, R. L., Murphy, F., Lythcott, N., & Blumenthal, D. (1989). Community organization and development for health promotion within an urban black community: Conceptual model. Health Education, 20(5), 56–60.
    Braithwaite, R. L., & Taylor, S. E. (Eds.). (1992). Health issues in the black community. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
    Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
    Bryant, J. R. (1980). The black church as unifier of the black community. In L. S.Yearwood (Ed.), Black organizations: Issues on survival techniques (pp. 5–8). Washington, DC: University Press of America.
    Bullard, R. D. (1992). Environmental blackmail in minority communities. In B.Bryant & P.Mohai (Eds.), Race and the incidence of environmental hazards: A time for discourse (pp. 82–95). Boulder, CO: Westview.
    Bullard, R. D. (1994a). Dumping in Dixie (
    2nd ed.
    ). Boulder, CO: Westview.
    Bullard, R. D. (1994b). People of color environmental groups directory, 1994–1995. Atlanta, GA: Environmental Justice Resource Center.
    Bullard, R. D. (Ed.). (1993). Confronting environmental racism. Boston: South End.
    Butterfoss, F. D., Goodman, R. M., & Wandersman, A. (1993). Community coalitions for prevention and health promotion [Special issue: Community coalitions for health promotion]. Health Education Research, 8(3), 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/8.3.315
    Butterfoss, F. D., Goodman, R. M., & Wandersman, A. (1996). Community coalitions for prevention and health promotion: Factors predicting satisfactions, participation, and planning. Health Education Quarterly, 23(1), 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019819602300105
    Butterfoss, F. D., Goodman, R. M., Wandersman, A., Valois, R. F., & Chinman, M. (1996). The plan quality index: An empowerment evaluation tool for measuring and improving the quality of plans. In D.Fetterman, S.Kaftarian, & A.Wandersman (Eds.), Empowerment evaluation: Knowledge and tools for self-assessment and accountability (pp. 304–331). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452243573
    Capek, S. M. (1993). The “environmental justice” frame: A conceptual discussion and an application. Social Problems, 40(1), 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sp.1993.40.1.03x0069q
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1993a). Cigarette smoking, attributable mortality and years of potential life loss, United States, 1990. MMWR, 42(33), 645–649.
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1993b). Mortality trends for selected smoking-related cancers and breast cancer, United States, 1950–1990. MMWR, 42(44), 857–866.
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1993c). Physician and other health-care professional counseling of smokers to quit, United States, 1991. MMWR, 42(44), 854–857.
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1993d). Planned approach to community change. Atlanta, GA: Author.
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1999, June 10). National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion [On-line]. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/nccdphp.htm [1999, June 22].
    Chavigny, K. H. (1988). Coalition building between medicine and nursing. Nursing Economics, 6(4), 179–183.
    Chavis, D. M. (1995). Building community capacity to prevent violence through coalitions and partnerships. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 6(2), 234–245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2010.0621
    Chavis, D. M., Florin, P., & Felix, M. R. J. (1993). Nurturing grassroots initiatives for community development: The role of enabling systems. In T.Mizrahi & J.Morrison (Eds.), Community and social administration: Advances, trends, and emerging principles. New York: Haworth.
    Chavis, D. M., Speer, P. W., Resnick, I., & Zippay, A. (1993). Building community capacity to address alcohol and drug abuse: Getting to the heart of the problem. In R. C.Davis, A. J.Lurigio, & D.Rosenbaum (Eds.), Drugs and community. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692005000800014
    Churches, blues, others help provide health care for uninsured children. (1994, September 13). Michigan Chronicle, p. 6A.
    Cobb, A. T. (1991). Toward the study of organizational coalitions: Participant concerns and activities in a simulated organizational setting. Human Relations, 44(10), 1057–1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872679104401003
    Cohen, L., Baer, N., & Satterwhite, P. (1991). Developing effective coalitions: An eight-step guide. Injury Awareness & Prevention Centre News, 4(10).
    Collin, R. W., & Harris, W., Sr. (1993). Race and waste in two Virginia communities. In R. D.Bullard (Ed.), Confronting environmental racism: Voices from the grassroots. Boston: South End.
    Davis, T. D., Bustamante, A., Brown, C. P., Wolde-Tsdik, G., Savage, E. W., Cheng, X., & Howland, L. (1994). The urban church and cancer control: A source of social influence in minority communities. Public Health Reports, 109, 500–506.
    Day, P. J. (1997). A new history of social welfare. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
    DePue, J. D., Wells, B. L., Lasater, T. M., & Carleton, R. A. (1987). Training volunteers to conduct heart health programs in churches. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 3, 51–57.
    Dluhy, M. J. (1984). Moving from professionalism to political advocacy in the human services: How to organize a successful statewide political effort in youth services. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 11(3), 654–683.
    Dluhy, M. J. (1990). Building coalitions in human services. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
    Du Bois, W. E. B. (1907). Economic cooperation among Negro Americans. Atlanta, GA: Atlanta University Press.
    Eagles, C. W. (1986). The civil rights movement in America. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
    Edwards, C. H. (1990). An ecological model for prevention of drug use. In U. J.Dyemade & D.Brandon-Monye (Eds.), Ecology of alcohol and other drug use: Helping black high risk youth (OSAP Monograph 7, pp. 35–44). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, Office for Substance Abuse Prevention.
    Eisen, V. A. (1994). Survey of neighborhood-based comprehensive community empowerment initiatives [Special issue: Community empowerment, participatory education]. Health Education Quarterly, 21(2), 235–252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019819402100208
    Ellison, B. (1994, January 18). White House report: More black health care providers needed. Philadelphia Tribune, p. 2A.
    Eng, E., & Hatch, J. W. (1991). Networking between agencies and black churches: The lay health advisor model. Prevention in Human Services, 10, 123–146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J293v10n01_08
    Eng, E., Hatch, J. W., & Callan, A. (1985). Institutionalizing social support through the church and into the community. Health Education Quarterly, 12, 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019818501200107
    Environmental Protection Agency. (1992a). Environmental protection: Has it been fair?EPA Journal, 18(1), 18–22.
    Environmental Protection Agency. (1992b). Respiratory health effects of passive smoking: Lung cancer and other disorders. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Office of Air and Radiation.
    Environmental Protection Agency. (1995a). Environmental justice 1994 annual report: Focusing on environmental protection for all people (EPA-200-R-95-003). Cincinnati, OH: National Center for Environmental Publications and Information.
    Environmental Protection Agency. (1995b). Environmental justice strategy: Executive Order 12898 (EPA-200-R-95-002). Cincinnati, OH: National Center for Environmental Publications and Information.
    Estell, K. (1994). Reference library of black America (Vol. 4). Detroit, MI: Gale Research.
    Fawcett, S. B. (1993). Work group evaluation handbook: Evaluating and supporting community initiatives for health development. Lawrence, KS: Work Group on Health Promotion and Community Development.
    Fawcett, S. B., Lewis, R. K., Paine-Andrews, A., Francisco, V. T., Ritcher, K. P., Williams, E. L., & Copple, B. (1997). Evaluating community coalitions for prevention of substance abuse: The case of project freedom. Health Education & Behavior, 2(6), 812–828.
    Fawcett, S. B., Paine-Andrews, A., Francisco, V. T., Schultz, J. A., Richter, K. P., Lewis, R. K., Williams, E. L., Harris, K. J., Berkley, J. Y., Fisher, J. L., & Lopez, C. M. (1995). Using empowerment theory in collaborative partnerships for community health and development. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 677–697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02506987
    Fawcett, S. B., Seekins, T., Whang, P. L., Muiu, C., & Suarez de Balcazar, Y. (1984). Creating and using social technologies for community empowerment. Prevention in Human Services, 3, 145–171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J293v03n02_08
    Flexner, A. (1910). Medical education in the United States and Canada: A report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. New York: Carnegie Foundation.
    Florin, P., Mitchell, R., & Stevenson, J. (1995, May). A developmental approach to identifying training and technical assistance needs in community coalitions. Paper presented at the National Conference on Health Promotion and Health Education, Atlanta, GA.
    Ford Foundation. (1994). Current interests of the Ford Foundation: 1994 and 1995. New York: Author.
    Foundation Center. (1993). Guide to U.S. foundations, their trustees, officers, and donors. New York: Author.
    Francisco, V. T., Paine, A. L., & Fawcett, S. B. (1993). A methodology for monitoring and evaluating community health coalitions. Health Education Research, 8, 403–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/8.3.403
    Frazier, E. F. (1963). The Negro church in America. New York: Vintage.
    Freudenberg, N. (1984). Not in our backyardsNew York: Monthly Review Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941929109380757
    Fulton County Health Department. (1995). Annual report. Atlanta, GA: Author.
    Gamson, W. (1961). A theory of coalition formation. American Sociological Review, 26, 373–382. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2090664
    Gerstein, D. R., & Green, L. W. (Eds.). (1993). Preventing drug abuse: What do we know?Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
    Gilliam, A. (1992). Homeless women with children. In R. L.Braithwaite & S. E.Taylor (Eds.), Health issues in the black community. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
    Goeppinger, J. (1993). Health promotion for rural populations: Partnership interventions. Family & Community Health, 16(1), 1–10.
    Goodman, R. M., & Wandersman, A. (1994). FORECAST: A formative approach to evaluating community coalitions and community-based initiatives [CSAP special issue]. Journal of Community Psychology, 6–25.
    Goodman, R. M., Wandersman, A., Chinman, M., Imm, P., & Morrissey, E. (1996). An ecological assessment of community-based interventions for prevention and health promotion: Approaches to measuring community coalitions. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24(1), 33–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02511882
    Gottlieb, N. H., Brink, S. G., & Gingiss, P. L. (1993). Correlates of coalition effectiveness. Health Education Research, 8(3), 375–384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/8.3.375
    Haber, D. (1983). Promoting mutual help groups among older persons. Gerontologist, 23, 251–253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/23.3.251
    Haines, H. H. (1988). Black radicals and the civil rights mainstream, 1954–1970. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
    Hatch, J. W., & Jackson, C. (1981, May). North Carolina Baptist Church Program. Urban Health, 70–71.
    Hatch, J. W., & Lovelace, K. A. (1980). Involving the southern rural church and students of the health professions in health education. Public Health Reports, 95, 23–25.
    Hauerwas, S. (1991). A community of character. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022027860180202
    Herman, K. A., Wolfson, M., & Forster, J. L. (1993). The evolution, operation and future of Minnesota SAFPLAN: A coalition for family planning. Health Education Research: Theory & Practice, 8(3), 331–344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/8.3.331
    Himmelman, A. (1994). Collaboration for a change: Definitions, models, and roles, with a user-friendly guide to collaborative processes from the authors: Communities working collaboratively for a change [Adapted version]. In M.Hermann (Ed.), Resolving conflict: Strategies for local government (pp. 27–47). Washington, DC: International City/County Management Association.
    Holman, P., Jenkins, W. C., Gayle, J. Q., Carlton, D., & Lindsey, B. K. (1991). Increasing the involvement of national and regional racial and ethnic minority organizations in HIV information and education. Public Health Reports, 106(6), 687–694.
    Hunt, G. P. (1994). Ethnography and the pursuit of culture: The use of ethnography in evaluating the community partnership program [CSAP special issue]. Journal of Community Psychology, 52–60.
    Jacques, G. (1992). The African-American movement today. New York: African-American Experience.
    Jellinek, P. S., & Hearn, R. P. (1991). Fighting drug abuse at the local level. Issues in Science and Technology, 8, 78–84.
    Johnson, K. (1993). Health care coalitions: An emerging force for change. Hospital & Health Services Administration, 38(4), 557–571.
    Johnson, K., Grossman, W., & Cassidy, A. (Eds.). (1996). Collaborating to improve community health: Workbook and guide to best practices in creating healthier communities and populations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
    Johnson, O. S. (1980). The social welfare role of the black church. Dissertation Abstracts International, 41(05), 2293A. (University Microfilms No. DEM80-24554)
    Join Together. (1993). Community leaders speak out against substance abuse. Boston: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
    Joint Task Force of the National Association of Community Health Centers and the National Rural Health Association. (1989). Journal of Public Health Policy, 10(1), 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3342948
    Jones, J. H. (1993). Bad blood: The Tuskegee syphilis experiment. New York: Free Press.
    Jones, S. (1991). Fundraising: Developing and using the advisory board. Nurse Educator, 16(4), 36, 37, 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006223-199107000-00014
    Kaftarian, S. J., & Hansen, W. B. (1994). Improving methodologies for the evaluation of community-based substance abuse prevention programs [CSAP special issue]. Journal of Community Psychology, 3–5.
    Karger, H., & Stoesz, D. (1990). American social welfare policy: A structural approach. New York: Longman.
    Katz, W. L. (1969). The American Negro: His history and literature. New York: Arno/New York Times. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476%2864%2980554-0
    Kennedy, J., & Riley, P. (1986, December). The future of coalitions. Business and Health, 4, 30–31.
    Kibel, B. M. (1994, Summer). Evaluation of local prevention processes: An open-systems model in action. New Designs, 1, 15–22.
    Kim, S., Crutchfield, C., Williams, C., & Hepler, N. (1994). An innovative and unconventional approach to program evaluation in the field of substance abuse prevention: A threshold-gating approach using single system evaluation designs [CSAP special issue]. Journal of Community Psychology, 61–78.
    Kong, B. W., Miller, J. M., & Smoot, R. T. (1982). Churches as high blood pressure control centers. Journal of the National Medical Association, 74, 920–923.
    Kretzman, J. P., & McKnight, J. L. (1993). Building communities from the inside out: A path toward finding and mobilizing a community's assets. Evanston, IL: Center for Urban Affairs and Policy Research.
    Kumanyika, S. K., & Charleston, J. B. (1992). Lose weight and win: A church-based weight loss program for blood pressure control among black women. Patient Education and Counseling, 19, 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0738-3991%2892%2990099-5
    Lasater, T. M., Wells, B. L., Carleton, R. A., & Elder, J. P. (1986). The role of churches in disease prevention research studies. Public Health Reports, 101, 125–131.
    Lavelle, M., & Coyle, M. (1992, September 21). Unequal protection: The racial divide in environmental law. National Law Journal, 15, 1–2.
    Lee, C. (1992). Toxic waste and race in the United States. In B.Bryant & P.Mohai (Eds.), Race and the incidence of environmental hazards: A time for discourse (pp. 10–27). Boulder, CO: Westview.
    Lee, C. (1993). Beyond toxic waste and race. In R. D.Bullard (Ed.), Confronting environmental racism (pp. 41–52). Boston: South End.
    Levin, J. S. (1984). The role of the black church in community medicine. Journal of the National Medical Association, 76, 477–483.
    Levin, J. S., & Taylor, R. J. (1993). Gender and age differences in religiosity among black Americans. Gerontologist, 33, 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/33.1.16
    Lincoln, C. E., & Mamiya, L. H. (1990). The black church in the African American experience. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
    Lofquist, W. A. (1989). The technology of prevention workbook. Tucson, AZ: Associates for Youth Development/Development Publications.
    Mansergh, G., Rohrach, L. A., Montgomery, S. B., Pentz, M. A., & Johnson, C. A. (1996). Process evaluation of community coalitions for alcohol and other drug abuse prevention: A case study of comparisons of researcher- and community-initiated models. Journal of Community Psychology, 24, 118–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/%28SICI%291520-6629%28199604%2924:2%3C118::AID-JCOP4%3E3.0.CO;2-V
    Martin, D. (1996, April). Dialogue training. Paper presented at the Community Council for a Healthier De Kalb, Atlanta, GA.
    McAdoo, H., & Crawford, V. (1990). The black church and family support programs. Prevention in Human Services, 9, 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J293v09n01_12
    McCloud, A. B. (1995). African American Islam. New York: Routledge.
    McCollum, M. J. (1994, June 3). Black clergy protests outdoor cigarette ads. Philadelphia Tribune, p. 2A.
    McKissack, F., & McKissack, P. (1991). The civil rights movement in America. Chicago: Children's Press.
    McKnight, J., & Kretzman, J. (1990). Mapping community capacity. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University, Center for Urban Affairs and Policy Research.
    McLaughlin, C. G., Zellers, W. K., & Brown, L. D. (1989). Health care coalitions: Characteristics, activities, and prospects. Inquiry, 26, 72–83.
    McLeRoy, K. R., Kegler, M., Steckler, A., Burdine, J. M., & Wisotzky, M. (1994). Community coalitions for health promotion: Summary and further reflections [Editorial]. Health Education Research, 9, 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/9.1.1
    McMillan, B., Florin, P., Stevenson, J., Kerman, B., & Mitchell, R. E. (1995). Empowerment praxis in community coalitions. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 699–727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02506988
    Mohai, P., & Bryant, B. (1992). Environmental racism: Reviewing the evidence. In B.Bryant & P.Mohai (Eds.), Race and the incidence of environmental hazards: A time for discourse. Boulder, CO: Westview.
    Morris, A. D. (1984). The origins of the civil rights movement: Black communities organizing for change. New York: Free Press.
    Morrison, J. D. (1991). The black church as a support system for black elderly. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 17, 105–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J083v17n01_09
    Mosher, J. F. (1992). Alcohol and poverty. In S. E.Samuels & M. D.Smith (Eds.), Improving the health of the poor (pp. 97–121). Menlo Park, CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
    Nager, N., & Saadatmand, F. (1991). The status of medical education for black Americans. Journal of the National Medical Association, 83(9), 787–792.
    National Association for Equal Opportunity in Higher Education. (1988). Institutional and presidential profiles of NAFEO's 117 historically black colleges and universities. Washington, DC: Author.
    National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control. (1991). America stop smoking intervention study, training manual: Coalition problem solving. Bethesda, MD: Author.
    National Center for Health Statistics. (1993a). Advanced report on final mortality statistics, 1991. Monthly Vital Statistics Report (Supplement), 42(2).
    National Center for Health Statistics. (1993b). Health, United States, 1992 (DHHS Publication No. PHS 93-1232). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
    National Institute on Drug Abuse. (1988). Drug abuse warning network. Washington, DC: National Institute on Drug Abuse Press Office.
    National Institute on Drug Abuse. (1990). National household survey on drug abuse: Highlights, 1988 (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1682). Washington, DC: National Institute on Drug Abuse Press Office.
    Neighbors, H. W., Braithwaite, R. L., & Thompson, E. (1995). Health promotion and African Americans: From personal empowerment to community action. American Journal of Health Promotion, 9(4), 281–287. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-9.4.281
    Office of Minority Health. (1995). Office of Minority Health profile. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
    Olson, L. M., Reis, J., Murphy, L., & Gehm, J. H. (1988). The religious community as a partner in health care. Journal of Community Health, 13, 249–257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01324237
    Perrine, M., Peck, R., & Fell, J. (1989). Epidemiologic perspectives on drunk driving. Surgeon General's workshop on drunk driving: Background papers. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
    Perry, E. J. (1981, May). The Memphis church-based high blood pressure program. Urban Health, 69–70.
    Phoenix, J. (1993). Getting the lead out of the community. In R. D.Bullard (Ed.), Confronting environmental racism (pp. 77–92). Boston: South End.
    Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), 165 Ct. 1138, 41 L.Ed.
    Prothrow-Stith, D., & Weissman, M. (1991). Deadly consequences. New York: HarperCollins.
    Putnam, R. (1994, August). Bowling alone: Democracy in America at the end of the twentieth century. Paper presented at the Nobel Symposium “Democracy's Victory and Crisis,” Uppsala, Sweden.
    Reagon, B. J. (1983). Coalition politics: Turning the century. In B.Smith (Ed.), Home girls: A black feminist anthology (pp. 356–368). New York: Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press.
    Rees, F. (1991). How to lead work teams. San Diego, CA: Pfeiffer.
    Robinson, R. G., Pertschuk, M., & Sutton, C. (1992). Smoking and African Americans. In S. E.Samuels & M. D.Smith (Eds.), Improving the health of the poor (pp. 123–181). Menlo Park, CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
    Robinson, W. S. (1978). International library of Afro-American life and history: Historical Afro-American biographies. Cornwell Heights, PA: Publishers Agency.
    Rock, C. B. (1996). Perspectives black Seventh Day Adventists face in the twenty-first century. Hagerstown, MD: Review & Herald Publishing.
    Rogers, T., Howard-Pitney, B., Feighery, E. G., Altman, D. G., Endres, J. M., & Roeseler, A. G. (1993). Characteristics and participant perceptions of tobacco control coalitions in California. Health Education Research: Theory & Practice, 8(3), 345–358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/8.3.345
    Roper, W. L., Baker, E. L., Dyal, W. W., & Nicola, R. M. (1992). Strengthening the public health system. Public Health Reports, 107(6), 609–615.
    Rowland, D., & Lyons, B. (1989). Triple jeopardy: Rural, poor, and uninsured. Health Services Research, 23, 875–1004.
    Rubin, R. H., Billingsley, A., & Caldwell, C. H. (1994). The role of the black church in working with black adolescents. Adolescence, 29, 251–266.
    Russell, K. (1992). Strengthening black and minority community coalitions for health policy action. Journal of the National Black Nurses Association, 6(1), 42–47.
    Scarlett, M. E., Williams, K. R., Kenneth, R., & Cotton, M. F. (1991). A private organization and public agency partnership in community health education. Public Health Reports, 106(6), 667–671.
    Seabrook, C. (1998, March 8). The body snatchers of Augusta. Atlanta Journal Constitution, pp. C1, C4.
    Sherwood, R. W., Porcher, F. K., & Hess, J. W. (1993). Promoting rural primary care practices: A partnership planning model. Family & Community Health, 16(1), 67–72.
    Smith, D. B. (1990). Population ecology and the racial integration of hospitals and nursing homes in the United States. Milbank Quarterly, 68(4), 561–597. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3350194
    Smith, S. R., & Lipsky, M. (1993). Nonprofits for hire: The welfare state in the age of contracting. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    Staggenborg, S. (1986). Coalition work in the pro-choice movement: Organizational and environmental opportunities and obstacles. Social Problems, 33(5), 374–390. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/800657
    Stephens, T., Braithwaite, R. L., & Taylor, S. E. (1998). Model for using hip-hop music for small group HIV/AIDS prevention counseling with African American adolescents and youth adults. Patient Education and Counseling, 35, 127–137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0738-3991%2898%2900050-0
    Stern, L. (1991, September). Coalitions: The convergence continues. Business and Health, 9, 8–17.
    Stevenson, W., Pearce, J., & Porter, L. (1985). The concept of “coalition” in organization theory and research. Academy of Management Review, 10(2), 256–268.
    Stewart, K., & Klitzner, M. (1993). How well do national programs take account of local situations? Case studies of comprehensive community planning to address alcohol and other drug issues: The evaluation of the Fighting Back Initiative. In T. K.Greenfield & R.Zimmerman (Eds.), Experiences with community action projects: New research in the prevention of alcohol and other drug problems (CSAP Prevention Monograph 14). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse and Prevention.
    Summerville, J. (1983). Educating black doctors: A history of Meharry Medical College. University: University of Alabama Press.
    Tackling youth violence: Celebrating Christmas. (1992, December 5). Richmond Afro-American, B4.
    Taravella, S. (1992, March 16). Black hospitals' fortunes, ranks still declining. Modern Health Care, 22(11), 56–57.
    Taylor, D. (1989). Blacks and the environment: Toward an explanation of the concern and action gap between blacks and whites. Environment and Behavior, 21(2), 175–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916589212003
    Taylor, D. (1992). The environmental justice movement: No shortage of minority volunteers. EPA Journal, 18(1), 23–25.
    Taylor, D. (1993). Environmentalism and the politics of inclusion. In R. D.Bullard (Ed.), Confronting environmental racism (pp. 53–62). Boston: South End.
    Thomas, S. B., & Quinn, S. C. (1993). The burdens of race and history on black Americans' attitudes toward needle exchange policy to prevent HIV disease. Journal of Public Health Policy, 14, 320–347. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3343042
    Thomas, S. B., Quinn, S. C., Billingsley, A., & Caldwell, C. (1994). The characteristics of northern black churches with community health outreach programs. American Journal of Public Health, 84, 575–579. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.84.4.575
    Thompson, B., Wallack, L., Lichtenstein, E., & Pechacek, T. (1990–1991). Principles of community organization and partnership for smoking cessation in the community intervention trial for smoking cessation (COMMIT). International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 11(3), 187–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/1BQ5-K699-EWJP-8FP1
    Trattner, W. I. (1989). From poor law to welfare state: A history of social welfare in America. New York: Free Press.
    Tuckson, R. V. (1989). Race, sex, economics, and tobacco advertising. Journal of the National Medical Association, 81(11), 1119–1124.
    Tuggle, M. B. (1995). New insights and challenges about churches as intervention sites to reach the African-American community with health information. Journal of the National Medical Association, 87(Suppl. 8), 635–637.
    Tushnet, M. V. (1987). The NAACP's legal strategy against segregated education, 1925–1950. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/uncp/9780807855959
    United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice. (1987). Toxic waste and race in the United States: A national report on the racial and socioeconomic characteristics of communities with hazardous waste sites. New York: United Church of Christ.
    U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1992). Table 34: U.S. physicians by Hispanic origin and race by sex, EEO files for 1980 and 1990. Washington, DC: Author.
    U.S. Congress. (1994). Environmental justice: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights of the House Committee on the Judiciary, 103d Cong., 1st Sess. (March 3–4, 1993). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
    U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging. (1993). Profiles of America's elderly: Racial and ethnic diversity of America's elderly population (POP/93-1). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
    U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1985). Report of the secretary's task force on black and minority health (Vol. 1, Executive Summary). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
    U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1988). The health consequences of smoking: A report of the surgeon general (DHHS Publication No. CDC 88-8406). Washington, DC: Author.
    U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1989). Reducing the health consequences of smoking: 25 years of progress (DHHS Publication No. CDC 89-8411). Washington, DC: Author.
    U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1994a). Healthy people 2000 review, 1993 (DHHS Publication No. DHHS 94-1232-1). Washington, DC: Author.
    U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1994b). National household survey on drug abuse: Population estimates (DHHS Publication No. SMA 95-3063). Washington, DC: Author.
    U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1994c). Preventing tobacco use among young people: A report of the surgeon general (DHHS Publication No. 95-0110-P). Washington, DC: Author.
    U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1994d). Signs of effectiveness II: Preventing alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use: A risk factor/resiliency-based approach (S. E.Gardner, P. F.Green, & C.Marcus, Eds.). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention.
    U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1995a). The community prevention coalitions demonstration grant program. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention.
    U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1995b). Prevention: 1993 and 1994 federal programs and progress: Healthy People 2000. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.
    U.S. General Accounting Office. (1988). Siting of hazardous waste landfills and their correlation with racial and economic status of surrounding communities. Washington, DC: Author.
    U.S. General Accounting Office. (1995a). Hazardous and nonhazardous waste: Demographics of people living near waste facilities. Washington, DC: Author.
    U.S. General Accounting Office. (1995b). 10 studies on demographics near waste facilities. Washington, DC: Author.
    U.S. Government Printing Office. (1992). Linking medical education and training to rural America: Obstacles and opportunities [Workshop by the Special Committee on Army, U.S. Senate, 102d Cong., 1st Sess., July 29, 1991]. Washington, DC: Author. (Serial No. 102–8)
    Wandersman, A., Valois, R., Ochs, L., de la Cruz, D. S., Adkins, E., & Goodman, R. M. (1996). Toward a social ecology of community coalitions. American Journal of Health Promotion, 10(4), 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-10.4.299
    Whigham-Desir, M. (1994). Will black doctors win or lose in health reform?Black Enterprise, 24(12), 70–78.
    Wiist, W. H., & Flack, J. M. (1990). A church-based cholesterol education program. Public Health Reports, 105, 381–388.
    Williams, C., Jr., & Williams, H. B. (1984). Contemporary voluntary associations in the urban black church: The development of growth of mutual aid societies. Journal of Voluntary Action Research, 13(4), 19–30.
    Woodson, C. G. (1934). The Negro professional man and the community. Washington, DC: Association for the Study of Negro Life and History.
    World Book. (1995). World book encyclopedia. Chicago: Author.
    World Health Organization. (1989). Guide to planning health promotion for AIDS prevention and control (WHO AIDS Series No. 5). Washington, DC: Author.

    About the Authors

    Ronald L. Braithwaite is Professor of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education at the Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University and is Adjunct Professor in the Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine at Morehouse School of Medicine, where he formerly directed a health promotion resource center. He received his B.A. and M.S. degrees from Southern Illinois University in sociology and rehabilitation, respectively. He received his Ph.D. degree from Michigan State University in educational psychology in 1974. He has done postdoctoral studies at Howard University, Yale University, and the University of Michigan School of Public Health and Institute for Social Research. Using several contemporary models for program evaluation, he has evaluated education, health, and human service programs. He has taught research design, statistics, program evaluation, testing and measurement, community organization, and minority health at the graduate level to nursing, medical, and public health students. He is widely published in education and health journals and is coeditor of Health Issues in the Black Community (1992) and Prison and AIDS: A Public Health Challenge (1996). His work in community organization and development has gained national attention, and he has consulted for numerous federal, state, and private organizations. He has also served as principal investigator for a formative evaluation of HIV/AIDS education and prevention programs in correctional settings, funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Association of Schools of Public Health. Currently, he serves as principal investigator for a community-based public health practice partnership funded by the Health Resources and Services Administration and an HIV intervention project for juvenile detainees in the Georgia Boot Camps funded by NIAAA.

    Sandra E. Taylor is Associate Professor in the W. E. B. Du Bois Department of Sociology at Clark Atlanta University. She received her B.A. (1977) from Norfolk State University, her M.A. (1978) from Atlanta University, and her Ph.D. (1983) from Washington University. She has done postdoctoral studies at the University of Michigan and has studied abroad in the former East and West Germany and in parts of West Africa. Her most recent publications are on health and illness with a specific focus on HIV/AIDS. She is coeditor of Health Issues in the Black Community (1992). Her current research interests are in coalition formation for HIV/AIDS prevention and evaluation of health promotion programs for minority youth. She has held research appointments with the Nell Hodgson School of Nursing and the Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University and currently heads the affiliate site at Clark Atlanta University of the Southeastern AIDS Training and Education Center (SEATAC) of the Emory University School of Medicine. She has served as a consultant for various government and private sector initiatives and serves on the advisory boards of several health-related organizations.

    John N. Austin is Professor and Department Chair for the Social Work Program at Delaware State University. He received his B.A. (1973) in political science, his M.S.W. (1974) with an emphasis in community organization and social planning from Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), and his Ph.D. (1984) in research, policy, and administration from the School of Social Work at VCU. Formerly, he was Professor of Social Work at Norfolk State University and served on the faculty at Longwood College and Hampton University. He has consulted for numerous educational, mental health, and human service agencies including federal agencies and foundations and has been active in providing technical assistance and training to community-based organizations and coalitions throughout the United States.

    • Loading...
Back to Top

Copy and paste the following HTML into your website